Swan S H, Shaw G M, Schulman J
Epidemiological Studies Section, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704.
Epidemiology. 1992 Jul;3(4):356-63. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199207000-00011.
Retrospective studies of congenital malformations frequently rely on exposures reported by study subjects. Differential error in exposure reporting by cases and controls, which has alternatively been referred to as "recall bias" and "reporting bias," may result in a biased effect measure. Some authors have attempted to avoid reporting bias by comparing exposures between two malformed groups, rather than between cases and nonmalformed controls. This approach, however, may introduce its own bias, which we call selection bias. Both reporting bias and selection bias are shown to be algebraically equivalent to bias arising from exposure misclassification. The magnitudes of these biases are compared for a range of plausible parametric values. The case-control design is sensitive to both differential reporting and selection bias, and the choice of study design involves balancing these two sources of bias.
先天性畸形的回顾性研究常常依赖于研究对象报告的暴露情况。病例组和对照组在暴露报告方面的差异误差，也被称为“回忆偏倚”和“报告偏倚”，可能会导致效应测量出现偏差。一些作者试图通过比较两个畸形组之间的暴露情况，而非病例组与非畸形对照组之间的暴露情况，来避免报告偏倚。然而，这种方法可能会引入其自身的偏倚，我们称之为选择偏倚。研究表明，报告偏倚和选择偏倚在代数上等同于暴露错误分类所产生的偏倚。针对一系列合理的参数值，对这些偏倚的大小进行了比较。病例对照设计对差异报告和选择偏倚均敏感，研究设计的选择涉及平衡这两种偏倚来源。
