Strobl R O, Robillard P D, Shannon R D, Day R L, McDonnell A J
Department of Water Resources, International Institute of GeoInformation Sciences and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Environ Monit Assess. 2006 Jan;112(1-3):137-58. doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-0774-5.
The principal instrument to temporally and spatially manage water resources is a water quality monitoring network. However, to date in most cases, there is a clear absence of a concise strategy or methodology for designing monitoring networks, especially when deciding upon the placement of sampling stations. Since water quality monitoring networks can be quite costly, it is very important to properly design the monitoring network so that maximum information extraction can be accomplished, which in turn is vital when informing decision-makers. This paper presents the development of a methodology for identifying the critical sampling locations within a watershed. Hence, it embodies the spatial component in the design of a water quality monitoring network by designating the critical stream locations that should ideally be sampled. For illustration purposes, the methodology focuses on a single contaminant, namely total phosphorus, and is applicable to small, upland, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. It takes a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors into account. In addition, it includes an economic as well as logistical component in order to approximate the number of sampling points required for a given budget and to only consider the logistically accessible stream reaches in the analysis, respectively. The methodology utilizes a geographic information system (GIS), hydrologic simulation model, and fuzzy logic.
水资源时空管理的主要手段是水质监测网络。然而，迄今为止，在大多数情况下，明显缺乏设计监测网络的简明策略或方法，尤其是在决定采样站的位置时。由于水质监测网络可能成本很高，因此正确设计监测网络非常重要，以便能够获取最大量的信息，而这对于为决策者提供信息至关重要。本文介绍了一种确定流域内关键采样位置的方法的开发。因此，它通过指定理想情况下应采样的关键溪流位置，在水质监测网络设计中体现了空间要素。为便于说明，该方法聚焦于单一污染物，即总磷，适用于小型、上游、主要为农业-森林覆盖的流域。它考虑了若干水文、地形、土壤、植被和土地利用因素。此外，它还包括经济和后勤要素，以便分别估算给定预算所需的采样点数，并在分析中只考虑后勤可达的溪流河段。该方法利用了地理信息系统（GIS）、水文模拟模型和模糊逻辑。
