van der Schalie William H, James Ryan R, Gargan Thomas P
US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2006 Jul 15;22(1):18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.019. Epub 2006 Jan 10.
Comprehensive identification of chemical contaminants in Army field water supplies can be a lengthy process, but rapid analytical methods suitable for field use are limited. A complementary approach is to directly measure toxicity instead of individual chemical constituents. Ten toxicity sensors utilizing enzymes, bacteria, or vertebrate cells were tested to determine the minimum number of sensors that could rapidly identify toxicity in water samples containing one of 12 industrial chemicals. The ideal sensor would respond at a concentration just exceeding the Military Exposure Guideline (MEG) level for the chemical (an estimated threshold for adverse effects) but below the human lethal concentration. Chemical solutions were provided to testing laboratories as blind samples. No sensors responded to deionized water blanks, and only one sensor responded to a hard water blank. No single toxicity sensor responded to more than six chemicals in the desired response range, and one chemical (nicotine) was not detected by any sensor with the desired sensitivity. A combination of three sensors (Microtox, the Electric Cell Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) test, and the Hepatocyte low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake test) responded appropriately to nine of twelve chemicals. Adding a fourth sensor (neuronal microelectrode array) to the test battery allowed detection of two additional chemicals (aldicarb and methamidophos), but the neuronal microelectrode array was overly sensitive to paraquat. Evaluating sensor performance using a standard set of chemicals and a desired sensitivity range provides a basis both for selecting among available toxicity sensors and for evaluating emerging sensor technologies. Recommendations for future toxicity sensor evaluations are discussed.
全面识别陆军野外水源中的化学污染物可能是一个漫长的过程，但适用于野外使用的快速分析方法有限。一种补充方法是直接测量毒性，而不是单独测量化学成分。测试了十种利用酶、细菌或脊椎动物细胞的毒性传感器，以确定能够快速识别含有12种工业化学品之一的水样中毒性的最少传感器数量。理想的传感器应在略高于该化学品的军事暴露指南（MEG）水平（估计的不良反应阈值）但低于人类致死浓度的浓度下做出反应。化学溶液作为盲样提供给测试实验室。没有传感器对去离子水空白样做出反应，只有一个传感器对硬水空白样做出反应。没有单个毒性传感器在所需的反应范围内对超过六种化学品做出反应，并且一种化学品（尼古丁）未被任何具有所需灵敏度的传感器检测到。三种传感器（Microtox、细胞电基质阻抗传感（ECIS）测试和肝细胞低密度脂蛋白（LDL）摄取测试）的组合对十二种化学品中的九种做出了适当反应。在测试组合中添加第四个传感器（神经元微电极阵列）可以检测到另外两种化学品（涕灭威和甲胺磷），但神经元微电极阵列对百草枯过于敏感。使用一组标准化学品和所需的灵敏度范围评估传感器性能，为在现有毒性传感器中进行选择以及评估新兴传感器技术提供了基础。讨论了未来毒性传感器评估的建议。
