Bilalic Merim, McLeod Peter
University of Oxford, UK.
J Biosoc Sci. 2006 May;38(3):419-21. doi: 10.1017/S0021932005001185. Epub 2006 Jan 27.
Howard's (2005) claim that male dominance in chess is 'consistent with the evolutionary psychology view that males predominate at high achievement levels at least partly because of ability differences' (p. 378) is based on the premise that top level chess skill depends on a high level of IQ and visuospatial abilities. This premise is not supported by empirical evidence. In 1927 Djakow et al. first showed that world-class chess players do not have exceptional intellectual abilities. This finding has subsequently been confirmed many times. Different participation rates, or differences in the amount of practice, motivation and interest for chess in male and female chess players, may provide a better explanation for gender differences in chess performance.
霍华德（2005年）声称，国际象棋中男性占主导地位“与进化心理学观点一致，即男性在高成就水平上占主导地位至少部分是由于能力差异”（第378页），其依据的前提是顶级国际象棋技能取决于高水平的智商和视觉空间能力。这一前提没有得到实证证据的支持。1927年，贾科夫等人首次表明，世界级国际象棋棋手并不具备超常的智力能力。这一发现随后被多次证实。男女棋手参与率不同，或者在国际象棋练习量、动机和兴趣方面存在差异，可能为国际象棋表现中的性别差异提供更好的解释。
