为什么（最优秀的）女性如此擅长国际象棋？智力领域的参与率和性别差异。
Why are (the best) women so good at chess? Participation rates and gender differences in intellectual domains.
作者信息
Bilalić Merim, Smallbone Kieran, McLeod Peter, Gobet Fernand
机构信息
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
出版信息
Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Mar 22;276(1659):1161-5. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1576.
A popular explanation for the small number of women at the top level of intellectually demanding activities from chess to science appeals to biological differences in the intellectual abilities of men and women. An alternative explanation is that the extreme values in a large sample are likely to be greater than those in a small one. Although the performance of the 100 best German male chess players is better than that of the 100 best German women, we show that 96 per cent of the observed difference would be expected given the much greater number of men who play chess. There is little left for biological or cultural explanations to account for. In science, where there are many more male than female participants, this statistical sampling explanation, rather than differences in intellectual ability, may also be the main reason why women are under-represented at the top end.
对于从国际象棋到科学等需要高智力活动的顶级领域中女性人数较少这一现象，一种普遍的解释是男女在智力能力上存在生物学差异。另一种解释是，大样本中的极端值可能比小样本中的更大。尽管德国排名前100的男性国际象棋棋手的表现优于排名前100的女性棋手，但我们表明，考虑到下国际象棋的男性人数远多于女性，观察到的差异中有96%是可以预期的。几乎没有什么可归因于生物学或文化解释的了。在科学领域，男性参与者比女性多得多，这种统计抽样解释，而非智力能力的差异，可能也是女性在顶尖水平上代表性不足的主要原因。
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