Bonacquisti V, Casale G R, Palmieri S, Siani A M
University of Rome "La Sapienza", Department of Physics, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Jul 1;364(1-3):1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.097. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
An urban canopy layer model based on four energy balance equations at ground level and at building level was developed to simulate and describe the urban climate and the heat storage in an urban setting. Thermal and radiative characteristics of urban and rural surfaces as well as atmospheric parameters related to the general synoptic conditions were used as data input. In addition, buildings were modelled as parallelepipeds and the hysteresis of materials was taken into account. The model provides as output skin temperature of buildings, air temperature and humidity within the canopy layer and hence the mean surface temperature and the air temperature at 2 m above surface. The latter parameter was used for the comparison with in situ temperature observations. The model was applied to Rome in radiative summer and winter episodes. The results, which agree with observations, show that the Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a nocturnal phenomenon, present both in winter (the greatest difference between urban and rural temperatures is about 2 degrees C) and summer (the temperature difference is about 5 degrees C), mainly resulting from the urban geometry and the thermal properties of materials. The anthropogenic heat does not play an important role in the UHI development. A monthly nocturnal behaviour of temperature differences between urban and surrounding rural areas shows that the maximum mean value of 4.2 degrees C occurs in August. Moreover, the parks in the city centre, where temperatures are lower, define two distinct heat islands, east and west.
基于地面和建筑物层面四个能量平衡方程开发了一个城市冠层模型，用于模拟和描述城市气候以及城市环境中的热量储存。城市和乡村表面的热辐射特性以及与一般天气状况相关的大气参数用作数据输入。此外，建筑物被建模为平行六面体，并考虑了材料的滞后现象。该模型输出建筑物表面温度、冠层内的空气温度和湿度，从而得出平均表面温度和地面以上2米处的空气温度。后一个参数用于与现场温度观测值进行比较。该模型应用于罗马的夏季和冬季辐射期。与观测结果一致的结果表明，城市热岛（UHI）是一种夜间现象，在冬季（城市和乡村温度的最大差值约为2摄氏度）和夏季（温度差值约为5摄氏度）均存在，主要是由城市几何形状和材料的热特性导致的。人为热在城市热岛的形成中不起重要作用。城市与周边农村地区之间温度差异的月度夜间行为表明，8月份出现的最大平均值为4.2摄氏度。此外，市中心温度较低的公园形成了两个不同的热岛，分别在东部和西部。
