Kaneene J B, Miller R
College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1316.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992 Jul 1;201(1):68-76.
A longitudinal study was conducted over 2 years to identify types of antibiotics and sulfonamides used in Michigan dairy herds for disease prevention and treatment, to determine patterns of use of antibiotics and sulfonamides by herd size and animal age group, and to determine the influence of veterinary presence during diagnosis on the types of antimicrobials used for disease treatments. In order of frequency, the most commonly used preventive antibiotic and sulfonamides were penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins, making up over 86% of all antimicrobials used for disease prevention. The most commonly used therapeutic antibiotics and sulfonamides were penicillins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides, making up over 81% of all antimicrobial drugs used for disease treatment. Cows received the greatest number of drugs, followed by calves (cattle from birth to weaning). Young stock (cattle from weaning to first calving) received the lowest number of drugs. All herds had similar patterns of drug use for the 3 age groups, regardless of herd size. With the exception of polymyxin and chloramphenicol, producers used antibiotics on their own more than with a veterinarian present or on the advice of a veterinarian. Overall, veterinary presence was significantly associated with increased use of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans, and decreased use of penicillins and aminoglycosides. Implications for drug residue prevention strategies are discussed, with emphasis on the role of the practicing veterinarian.
一项为期两年的纵向研究开展，以确定密歇根州奶牛场用于疾病预防和治疗的抗生素及磺胺类药物类型，确定按牛群规模和动物年龄组划分的抗生素及磺胺类药物使用模式，并确定诊断期间兽医在场对用于疾病治疗的抗菌药物类型的影响。按使用频率排序，最常用的预防性抗生素和磺胺类药物是青霉素、四环素、氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素，占所有用于疾病预防的抗菌药物的86%以上。最常用的治疗性抗生素和磺胺类药物是青霉素、四环素、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类，占所有用于疾病治疗的抗菌药物的81%以上。奶牛使用的药物数量最多，其次是犊牛（从出生到断奶的牛）。青年牛（从断奶到首次产犊的牛）使用的药物数量最少。所有牛群在这三个年龄组的药物使用模式相似，无论牛群规模如何。除了多粘菌素和氯霉素外，生产者自行使用抗生素的情况多于有兽医在场或根据兽医建议使用的情况。总体而言，兽医在场与四环素、磺胺类和硝基呋喃的使用增加以及青霉素和氨基糖苷类的使用减少显著相关。文中讨论了药物残留预防策略的意义，重点强调了执业兽医的作用。
