Hill Ashley E, Green Alice L, Wagner Bruce A, Dargatz David A
Animal Population Health Institute, Campus Delivery 1678, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
Prev Vet Med. 2009 Apr 1;88(4):264-77. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.12.001. Epub 2009 Jan 14.
Dairy operations in states representing 86% of the United States' national dairy herd were surveyed regarding the occurrence of common dairy diseases or disorders (digestive, respiratory, gastrointestinal, lameness, mastitis, navel infection) in specified production groups (weaned heifers, unweaned heifers, adult cows), and the most common antimicrobial preparation used to treat these conditions. Within disease and production group, disease frequency and characteristics of primary antimicrobial (drug class, availability, spectrum of activity, extra-label usage, withdrawal times) were compared among herd sizes (30-99, 100-499, and >/=500 cows) using chi-square or t-tests that accounted for the sampling design. The most common diseases were mastitis and lameness in cows, and gastrointestinal disease in unweaned calves, affecting 16, 11, and 15% of the target populations, respectively. Herd-level disease prevalence tended to increase as herd size increased, whereas within-herd prevalence tended to decrease as herd size increased. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials were selected as primary treatments by a majority of operations for nearly all diseases surveyed. When treating gastrointestinal disease, navel infection, or reproductive disorders, a majority of operations selected primary treatments not specifically labeled for that condition. Selection of over-the-counter preparations tended to decrease as herd size increased, whereas selection of broad-spectrum preparations tended to increase with herd size.
对占美国全国奶牛存栏量86%的各州奶牛场进行了调查，内容涉及特定生产群体（断奶小母牛、未断奶小母牛、成年母牛）中常见奶牛疾病或病症（消化系统、呼吸系统、胃肠道、跛足、乳腺炎、脐部感染）的发生情况，以及用于治疗这些病症的最常见抗菌制剂。在疾病和生产群体范围内，使用考虑了抽样设计的卡方检验或t检验，比较了不同牛群规模（30 - 99头、100 - 499头以及≥500头奶牛）之间的疾病发生率和主要抗菌药物的特性（药物类别、可得性、活性谱、超说明书用药、停药期）。最常见的疾病是成年母牛的乳腺炎和跛足，以及未断奶犊牛的胃肠道疾病，分别影响了目标群体的16%、11%和15%。牛群层面的疾病患病率往往随着牛群规模的增加而上升，而牛群内部的患病率则往往随着牛群规模的增加而下降。对于几乎所有被调查的疾病，大多数养殖场选择广谱抗菌药物作为主要治疗药物。在治疗胃肠道疾病、脐部感染或生殖系统疾病时，大多数养殖场选择的主要治疗药物并非专门针对该病症标注的药物。随着牛群规模的增加，选择非处方制剂的倾向有所下降，而选择广谱制剂的倾向则随着牛群规模的增加而上升。
