Raidal Shane R, Jaensch Susan M
Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
Avian Pathol. 2006 Feb;35(1):38-41. doi: 10.1080/03079450500465718.
Two episodes of accidental urea toxicosis are described in wild silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae) following spillage of fertilizer grade urea at a commercial shipping facility near Perth, Western Australia. In both cases, urea spillage had been seen to contaminate freshwater wash-down pools on the wharves where ships were being unloaded and gulls were seen to be drinking and washing in the pools nearby the spillages. Affected birds were found moribund or dead. Necropsy and histopathological findings were non-specific and consisted of mild to moderate congestion of visceral organs and brain. Analysis of a water sample collected during Case 1 revealed a very high urea concentration of 4.124 mol/l (pH 5.5), and fluid from the proventriculus of two birds had urea concentrations of 382 and 308 mmol/l, respectively. Nine birds were examined during the second episode (Case 2) and, from heparinized heart blood samples collected (n = 5), the mean plasma urea (288 +/- 92.0 mmol/l), ammonia (43.9 +/- 34.2 mmol/l) and uric acid (7.45 +/- 1.99 mmol/l) concentrations were markedly elevated above the reference ranges for all bird species. Proventricular contents (n = 7) similarly contained high concentrations of urea (394 +/- 203 mmol/l) and ammonia (9.3 +/- 15 mmol/l). The probable mechanisms of urea and ammonia toxicity in these birds are discussed.
在西澳大利亚珀斯附近的一个商业航运设施发生化肥级尿素泄漏后，描述了野生银鸥（Larus novaehollandiae）发生的两起意外尿素中毒事件。在这两起事件中，均发现尿素泄漏污染了码头的淡水冲洗池，船舶在此卸货，且在泄漏点附近的池中看到海鸥在饮水和洗浴。受影响的鸟类被发现濒死或已死亡。尸检和组织病理学检查结果无特异性，包括内脏器官和大脑轻度至中度充血。对病例1期间采集的水样分析显示尿素浓度非常高，为4.124 mol/l（pH 5.5），两只鸟的腺胃液体中尿素浓度分别为382和308 mmol/l。在第二起事件（病例2）中检查了9只鸟，从采集的肝素化心脏血液样本（n = 5）中，所有鸟类的平均血浆尿素（288 +/- 92.0 mmol/l）、氨（43.9 +/- 34.2 mmol/l）和尿酸（7.45 +/- 1.99 mmol/l）浓度均明显高于参考范围。腺胃内容物（n = 7）同样含有高浓度的尿素（394 +/- 203 mmol/l）和氨（9.3 +/- 15 mmol/l）。讨论了这些鸟类中尿素和氨中毒的可能机制。
