Chang Anne B
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006 Mar;7(1):2-8. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.11.009. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
Cough is comprised of three phases (inspiratory, compressive and expiratory) and serves as a vital defensive mechanism for lung health. It prevents pulmonary aspiration, promotes ciliary activity and clears airway debris. The importance of an intact cough mechanism is reflected in the occurrence of pulmonary problems when cough is inefficient. Cough efficiency is dependent on physical/mechanical aspects (respiratory muscles, mucus, airway calibre and larynx) and integrity of the neurophysiological pathway of cough. The understanding of the latter has progressed significantly (albeit mostly in animals) with the discovery of vanniloid receptors (and subtypes) and, more recently, by the characterisation of distinct cough receptors. However, the relative contributions of previously described airway afferents/receptors to cough are still disputed. Plasticity of the peripheral and central afferent pathways in cough has recently been shown to be important in pathological states associated with increased cough. To date, little is known of the developmental aspects of cough.
咳嗽由三个阶段(吸气、压缩和呼气)组成,是肺部健康的重要防御机制。它可防止肺部误吸,促进纤毛活动并清除气道内的异物。当咳嗽效率低下时会出现肺部问题,这反映了完整咳嗽机制的重要性。咳嗽效率取决于物理/机械方面(呼吸肌、黏液、气道口径和喉部)以及咳嗽神经生理途径的完整性。随着香草酸受体(及其亚型)的发现,以及最近对不同咳嗽受体的特性描述,对后者的认识有了显著进展(尽管大多是在动物研究中)。然而,先前描述的气道传入神经/受体对咳嗽的相对贡献仍存在争议。最近研究表明,咳嗽时外周和中枢传入途径的可塑性在与咳嗽增加相关的病理状态中很重要。迄今为止,对咳嗽的发育方面知之甚少。