Am Psychol. 2006 Feb-Mar;61(2):99-116. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.2.99.
This report summarizes findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development as effect sizes for exclusive maternal care and--for children in child care--type, quality, and quantity of care. Children (n = 1,261) were recruited at birth and assessed at 15, 24, 36, and 54 months. Exclusive maternal care did not predict child outcomes, but multiple features of child-care experience were modestly to moderately predictive. Higher quality child care was related to advanced cognitive, language, and preacademic outcomes at every age and better socioemotional and peer outcomes at some ages. More child-care hours predicted more behavior problems and conflict, according to care providers. More center-care time was related to higher cognitive and language scores and more problem and fewer prosocial behaviors, according to care providers. Child-care effect sizes are discussed from 3 perspectives: (a) absolute effect sizes, reflecting established guidelines; (b) relative effect sizes, comparing child-care and parenting effects; and (c) possible individual and collective implications for the large numbers of children experiencing child care.
本报告总结了美国国立儿童健康与人类发展研究所开展的儿童早期保育与青少年发展研究的结果，这些结果以纯母性照料的效应量呈现，对于接受保育的儿童，则以保育类型、质量和数量的效应量呈现。研究招募了1261名儿童，他们在出生时被纳入研究，并在15个月、24个月、36个月和54个月时接受评估。纯母性照料并不能预测儿童的发展结果，但保育经历的多个特征具有一定程度到中等程度的预测性。更高质量的保育与各年龄段儿童在认知、语言和学前学业方面的更优发展结果相关，且在某些年龄段与更好的社会情感和同伴关系结果相关。根据保育提供者的反馈，更多的保育时长预示着更多的行为问题和冲突。根据保育提供者的反馈，更多的中心保育时间与更高的认知和语言得分相关，以及更多的问题行为和更少的亲社会行为相关。本报告从三个角度讨论了保育效应量：（a）绝对效应量，反映既定准则；（b）相对效应量，比较保育与养育的影响；（c）对于大量接受保育的儿童可能产生的个体和集体影响。
