Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was first discovered as a causative protein for hypercalcemia, which is often seen in the malignant tumor. PTHrP binds to the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) for signal transduction. PTHrP-PTH1R interactions were associated with bone resorption. The present study, therefore, sought to clarify the expression of PTHrP, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH1R in ameloblastoma, using RT-PCR (N = 8), immunohistochemistry (N = 23) and ELISA (N = 11) techniques. PTHrP and B-actin mRNA were detected in the all samples. Expression of PTHrP was also seen in all of the 23 cases in ameloblastoma by immunohistochemistry. There was a significant difference in PTHrP concentration by ELISA between typical unicystic type and solid type including unicystic type 3 (p = 0.0427). Only one exhibited the weak expression of PTH1R mRNA. PTH1R was observed on osteoblasts in bone around the tumor but no expression was observed on ameloblastoma cells in tumor parenchyma by immunohistochemistry. PTH was not detected in ameloblastoma by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistory as well as ELISA. In addition, hypercalcemia and increase of serum PTHrP level was observed in one case of 8 ameloblastomas. It was suggested that PTHrP level may be associated with local bone infiltration and hypercalcemia in ameloblastoma.