Straub O C
Dev Biol Stand. 1975;28:530-3.
The infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus belongs to the group of herpes viruses. It causes in cattle a severe disease predominantly in the upper respiratory tract. Morbidity rate is 100 percent, mortality - depending on hygienic and other factors - ranges from 0-15 percent. The IBR virus is serologically indistinguishable from the infect pustulat vulvovaginitis (IPV) virus which causes disorders of the genital tract in both male and female cattle. Possibly the IPV virus is the older of the two. Already in the twenties it had been isolated and described in Europe whereas IBR virus was first isolated from feedlot cattle in the USA during 1955/1956. Most likely - experiments also gave a hint - the IPV virus increased its virulence for the respiratory tract by rapid and numerous passages as this was only possible in accumulations of tremendous heads of animals. Vaccines both live attenuated and killed ones have been developed. Killed ones are always administered parenterally; the live ones are either intramuscularly injected or locally sprayed (into the nasal cavity). Immunity is developed within 3 weeks, however, if vaccinated animals are challenged, virus is again shed for a number of days. Cattle thereby do not exhibit any symptoms of disease. This is true following any kind of vaccination (live or killed). After local administration of live vaccines, however, the production of interferon by the cells of the respiratory tract is remarkable whereas parenterally administration of vaccine does not lead to that.
牛传染性鼻气管炎（IBR）病毒属于疱疹病毒组。它主要在牛的上呼吸道引发严重疾病。发病率为100%，死亡率因卫生和其他因素而异，在0%至15%之间。IBR病毒在血清学上与感染性脓疱性外阴阴道炎（IPV）病毒无法区分，后者会导致公牛和母牛的生殖道疾病。IPV病毒可能是两者中较古老的。早在20世纪20年代它就在欧洲被分离和描述，而IBR病毒于1955/1956年首次在美国育肥牛中被分离出来。很可能——实验也提供了线索——IPV病毒通过快速且多次传代增加了其对呼吸道的毒力，因为这只有在大量动物聚集的情况下才有可能。已开发出减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗。灭活疫苗总是通过非肠道途径给药；活疫苗要么肌肉注射，要么局部喷雾（进入鼻腔）。免疫力在3周内产生，然而，如果给接种疫苗的动物进行攻毒，病毒会再次排出数天。牛在此期间不会表现出任何疾病症状。任何一种疫苗接种（活疫苗或灭活疫苗）后都是如此。然而，局部接种活疫苗后，呼吸道细胞产生干扰素的情况很显著，而非肠道途径接种疫苗则不会导致这种情况。
