Psychiatric disturbances after traumatic brain injury: neurobehavioral and personality changes.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are frequently accompanied by psychiatric disturbances, which can include striking to relatively minor alterations in personality, behavior, and emotional regulation. The persistence of these neurobehavioral syndromes often leads to deleterious effects on recovery and rehabilitation outcomes. A recent surge of studies has emerged in the past several years to quantify the extent of psychiatric disorders in TBI and to describe differential clinical presentations. Various pre- and post-injury factors also have been hypothesized to contribute to the development and maintenance of psychiatric symptoms in survivors of brain injuries. The identification of high-risk individuals with distinct neuropathophysiological and psychosocial features permits the development of multidisciplinary and tailored approaches to the assessment, prevention, and management of the negative effects of personality and behavioral changes in TBI. This article summarizes the most recent research in these areas and highlights the gaps that need to be filled in subsequent future.