Stott E J
Dev Biol Stand. 1975;28:65-85.
Picornaviruses may be divided, by physicochemical properties, into enteroviruses, cardioviruses, caliciviruses, rhinoviruses and foot-and-mouth diseases viruses. Although the respiratory tract may be the primary site of entry and multiplication for enteroviruses, cardioviruses and FMD viruses, few agents in these groups cause respiratory disease. A notable exception is coxsackievirus A21 which is an important cause of upper respiratory tract diseases in military recruits. The picornaviruses which most frequently cause respiratory illness are rhinoviruses and caliciviruses. There are over one hundred rhinovirus serotypes which infect man and they have been isolated from up to 50 percent of cases of mild respiratory illness, from 1-2 percent of healthy adults and from 5-10 percent of healthy children. About 10 percent of rhinovirus infections in adults are symptomless. The two bovine serotypes of rhinovirus and the two equine serotypes frequently infect cattle and horses respectively but seldom cause disease. Numerous calicivirus serotypes have been found in 17 percent of cats with respiratory disease and in 19 percent of clinically normal cats. However, experimental inoculation with caliciviruses has confirmed their causative role in respiratory disease of cats. The high rate of virus isolation from normal cats is probably due to their ability to carry virus in an infectious form for up to two years after initial infection and illness.
根据物理化学性质，小核糖核酸病毒可分为肠道病毒、心病毒、杯状病毒、鼻病毒和口蹄疫病毒。虽然呼吸道可能是肠道病毒、心病毒和口蹄疫病毒进入和繁殖的主要部位，但这些病毒组中很少有病毒能引起呼吸道疾病。一个显著的例外是柯萨奇病毒A21，它是新兵上呼吸道疾病的重要病因。最常引起呼吸道疾病的小核糖核酸病毒是鼻病毒和杯状病毒。有超过100种鼻病毒血清型感染人类，在高达50%的轻度呼吸道疾病病例、1%-2%的健康成年人以及5%-10%的健康儿童中都分离出了鼻病毒。成人中约10%的鼻病毒感染无症状。两种牛血清型鼻病毒和两种马血清型鼻病毒分别经常感染牛和马，但很少引起疾病。在17%患有呼吸道疾病的猫和19%临床正常的猫中发现了许多杯状病毒血清型。然而，用杯状病毒进行实验接种已证实它们在猫呼吸道疾病中的致病作用。从正常猫中分离出病毒的高比率可能是由于它们在初次感染和患病后长达两年的时间里能够以感染性形式携带病毒。
