Breyer Armin, Jiang Xiaoyi, Rütsche Adrian, Bieri Hanspeter, Oexl Thomas, Baumann Ann, Mojon Daniel S
Laboratory of Experimental Oculography, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006 Dec;244(12):1555-61. doi: 10.1007/s00417-006-0272-z.
The Pulfrich stereoillusion occurs spontaneously in diseases inducing asymmetric visual pathway delays. Its influence on driving performance has never been investigated and was, therefore, assessed using a three-dimensional (3D) computer driving simulation.
A 3D driving scenery of a road with obstacles was visualised on an autostereoscopic 3D display. Seven normal subjects drove at a speed of 6 m/s using a steering wheel and three angles of view of the scenery (0 degrees, 45 degrees to left, and 90 degrees to left) with different interocular delays (25 ms on the right, 25 ms on the left, and no delay). One subject drove the scenery at an angle of 90 degrees without delay and with a delay of 8 ms, 16 ms, and 25 ms on the right and left, respectively, at speeds of 6 m/s, 12 m/s and 18 m/s.
Stereo-illusion only influenced car position if the angle of view was 90 degrees (p<0.05). At this angle, increasing car speeds were associated with larger car displacements (delay on right p<0.001, on left p<0.01) and smaller delays with smaller car displacements (p<0.001).
This study showed that Pulfrich phenomenon has an influence on car position only if the viewing angle is 90 degrees. No influence could be found if the driving direction corresponded to the visual axis of the driver. These findings are in agreement with reports of patients with spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon who indicate that while driving, distances are only misjudged when looking sideways.
普尔弗里希立体视错觉在导致不对称视觉通路延迟的疾病中会自发出现。其对驾驶性能的影响从未被研究过，因此，本研究使用三维（3D）计算机驾驶模拟对其进行评估。
在自动立体3D显示器上呈现一条有障碍物的道路的3D驾驶场景。7名正常受试者使用方向盘以6米/秒的速度驾驶，观察该场景的三个视角（0度、向左45度和向左90度），并设置不同的双眼延迟（右侧25毫秒、左侧25毫秒以及无延迟）。一名受试者在无延迟的情况下以90度视角驾驶该场景，然后分别在右侧和左侧设置8毫秒、16毫秒和25毫秒的延迟，以6米/秒、12米/秒和18米/秒的速度驾驶。
仅当视角为90度时，立体视错觉才会影响汽车位置（p<0.05）。在此视角下，车速增加与汽车位移增大相关（右侧延迟p<0.001，左侧延迟p<0.01），延迟越小汽车位移越小（p<0.001）。
本研究表明，仅当视角为90度时，普尔弗里希现象才会影响汽车位置。如果驾驶方向与驾驶员的视轴一致，则不会产生影响。这些发现与患有自发性普尔弗里希现象的患者的报告一致，这些患者表明，在驾驶时，只有在侧视时才会误判距离。
