Pronk Wouter, Palmquist Helena, Biebow Martin, Boller Markus
Eawag Aquatic Research, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Water Res. 2006 Apr;40(7):1405-12. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.038. Epub 2006 Mar 13.
The potential of nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceutical and estrogenic compounds from salts in urine was investigated with the aim of producing a micropollutant-free nutrient solution that can be used as a fertilizer. A fresh urine solution and a synthetic solution of similar inorganic composition were tested at different pH values in order to investigate their separation behavior. These solutions were spiked with the micropollutants propranolol, ethinylestradiol, ibuprofen, diclofenac and carbamazepine. Among the membranes tested, NF270 showed the best performance with respect to the retention of micropollutants. The optimum retention of micropollutants was obtained at values of around pH 5. At this point, the retention of all micropollutants in non-hydrolysed urine was above 92%, while the corresponding value for the synthetic urine solution was above 73%. From the results, it can be concluded that the retention mechanism is determined by steric and electrostatic effects as well as by the partitioning of the micropollutants in the membrane. The nutrients urea and ammonia were well permeated, but phosphate and sulfate were almost completely retained. Nanofiltration can consequently be used to produce a permeate which contains most of the nitrogen and a greatly reduced proportion of micropollutants.
研究了纳滤从尿液中的盐类中分离药物和雌激素化合物的潜力，目的是生产一种可作为肥料使用的无微污染物营养液。在不同pH值下对新鲜尿液溶液和具有相似无机组成的合成溶液进行了测试，以研究它们的分离行为。这些溶液中添加了微污染物普萘洛尔、炔雌醇、布洛芬、双氯芬酸和卡马西平。在所测试的膜中，NF270在微污染物保留方面表现出最佳性能。在pH值约为5时获得了微污染物的最佳保留率。此时，所有微污染物在未水解尿液中的保留率均高于92%，而合成尿液溶液的相应值高于73%。从结果可以得出结论，保留机制由空间位阻和静电效应以及微污染物在膜中的分配决定。营养物质尿素和氨易于渗透，但磷酸盐和硫酸盐几乎被完全保留。因此，纳滤可用于生产一种含有大部分氮且微污染物比例大大降低的渗透液。
