Yeomans Martin R
Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
Physiol Behav. 2006 Apr 15;87(4):800-4. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.029. Epub 2006 Mar 20.
Odor stimuli play a major role in perception of food flavor. Food-related odors have also been shown to increase rated appetite, and induce salivation and release of gastric acid and insulin. However, our ability to identify an odor as food-related, and our liking for food-related odors, are both learned responses. In conditioning studies, repeated experience of odors with sweet and sour tastes result in enhanced ratings of sensory quality of the paired taste for the odor on its own. More recent studies also report increased pleasantness ratings for odors paired with sucrose for participants who like sweet tastes, and conversely decreased liking and increased bitterness for quinine-paired odors. When odors were experienced in combination with sucrose when hungry, liking was not increased if tested sated, suggesting that expression of acquired liking for odors depends on current motivational state. Other studies report sensory-specific satiety is seen with food-related odors. Overall, these studies suggest that once an odor is experienced in a food-related context, that odor acquires the ability to modify both preparatory and satiety-related components of ingestion.
气味刺激在食物风味感知中起主要作用。与食物相关的气味也已被证明会增加食欲评分，并诱导唾液分泌以及胃酸和胰岛素的释放。然而，我们将一种气味识别为与食物相关的能力，以及我们对与食物相关气味的喜好，都是习得的反应。在条件反射研究中，气味与酸甜味道的反复体验会导致该气味自身所配对味道的感官质量评分提高。最近的研究还报告称，对于喜欢甜味的参与者，与蔗糖配对的气味的愉悦度评分增加，相反，与奎宁配对的气味的喜好度降低且苦味增加。当饥饿时气味与蔗糖一起被体验，如果在饱腹时进行测试，喜好度不会增加，这表明对气味习得的喜好的表现取决于当前的动机状态。其他研究报告称，与食物相关的气味会出现感官特异性饱腹感。总体而言，这些研究表明，一旦一种气味在与食物相关的情境中被体验，该气味就获得了改变摄入的准备阶段和饱腹感相关成分的能力。
