Campbell Nancy D
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.
J Hist Behav Sci. 2006 Spring;42(2):135-57. doi: 10.1002/jhbs.20167.
This article describes the social organization of knowledge production in the formative moments of the substance abuse research enterprise. It describes the institutional arrangements and material conditions of a U.S. Public Health Service laboratory that was housed in a facility run jointly with the federal Bureau of Prisons. The Addiction Research Center (ARC) in Lexington, Kentucky, was dedicated to elucidating the basic underlying mechanisms of drug addiction. The ARC was housed on the rural campus of a prison-hospital called "Narco," one of two "narcotics farms" in Lexington, Kentucky, and Fort Worth, Texas. For its studies on drug effects, the ARC had access to a pool of drug-experienced human subjects drawn from the ranks of convicted felons. Given their unparalleled access to human subjects, the scientists who worked at the ARC made conceptual contributions still acknowledged today. Based on archival work as well as dozens of oral history interviews with individuals who began their research careers at Lexington, the article presents an analytic, intellectual history of the early work of Abraham Wikler, whose lifelong pursuit of the underlying mechanisms of opiate addiction led him to hypothesize the role of conditioning in relapse, as an exemplar of the kind of scientific research that depended on closely listening to and observing "post-addicts," as subject participants were called.
本文描述了药物滥用研究事业形成阶段知识生产的社会组织情况。它介绍了美国公共卫生服务实验室的机构安排和物质条件，该实验室设在与联邦监狱管理局联合运营的一处设施内。位于肯塔基州列克星敦的成瘾研究中心（ARC）致力于阐明药物成瘾的基本潜在机制。ARC位于一所名为“Narco”的监狱医院的乡村校园内，“Narco”是肯塔基州列克星敦和得克萨斯州沃思堡的两个“麻醉品农场”之一。为了进行药物效果研究，ARC能够接触到一批从已定罪重罪犯中挑选出来、有药物使用经历的人类受试者。鉴于他们对人类受试者有着无与伦比的接触机会，在ARC工作的科学家们做出了至今仍得到认可的概念性贡献。基于档案研究以及对数十位在列克星敦开始其研究职业生涯的人员进行的口述历史访谈，本文呈现了亚伯拉罕·维克勒早期工作的分析性学术史，他毕生致力于探寻阿片类药物成瘾的潜在机制，进而提出了条件作用在复吸中的作用这一假设，以此作为那种依赖于密切倾听和观察“戒毒者”（即受试参与者）的科学研究的典范。
