Fidler I J
Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
Acta Oncol. 1991;30(6):668-75. doi: 10.3109/02841869109092438.
The process of cancer metastasis is dynamic and consists of sequential, interrelated steps. Malignant cells that produce metastases have survived a series of potentially lethal interactions that are regulated by both the intrinsic properties of the tumor cells and host factors. Although some of the steps in this process contain stochastic elements, metastases develop from the nonrandom survival of a few subpopulations of cells that preexist within the parent neoplasm. Metastases can have a clonal origin, and different metastases can originate from the proliferation of different cells. The orthotopic implantation of human cancer cells derived from surgical specimens into nude mice provides a biological model of metastasis. Using this model, clonal analysis of a human renal carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and melanoma has revealed that these tumors are heterogeneous for metastatic properties. Damage to an organ's environment is followed by inflammation and repair, and these homeostatic processes facilitate the proliferation of normal (physiology), and in some cases, tumor cells (pathology). Accelerated growth of human colon cancer cells was found in hepatectomized nude mice, whereas accelerated growth of human renal cancer cells was found in nephrectomized nude mice. These data suggest that systemic physiological signals can be usurped by neoplastic cells. Collectively, the factors that regulate metastasis are the intrinsic properties of metastatic cells and host factors involved in homeostasis.
癌症转移过程是动态的，由一系列相互关联的步骤组成。能够产生转移的恶性细胞在一系列潜在致命的相互作用中存活下来，这些相互作用受肿瘤细胞的内在特性和宿主因素共同调控。尽管这一过程中的某些步骤包含随机因素，但转移是由亲代肿瘤中预先存在的少数细胞亚群的非随机存活所导致的。转移灶可能起源于克隆，不同的转移灶可能源自不同细胞的增殖。将手术标本中获取的人类癌细胞原位植入裸鼠体内，可提供一个转移的生物学模型。利用该模型，对人类肾癌、结肠癌和黑色素瘤进行的克隆分析表明，这些肿瘤在转移特性方面具有异质性。器官环境受损后会引发炎症和修复，这些稳态过程促进正常细胞（生理状态下）的增殖，在某些情况下也会促进肿瘤细胞（病理状态下）的增殖。在肝切除的裸鼠中发现人类结肠癌细胞生长加速，而在肾切除的裸鼠中发现人类肾癌细胞生长加速。这些数据表明肿瘤细胞可以利用全身的生理信号。总体而言，调节转移的因素包括转移细胞的内在特性以及参与稳态的宿主因素。
