Hogue Michael D, Grabenstein John D, Foster Stephan L, Rothholz Mitchel C
McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, 800 Lakeshore Drive, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2006 Mar-Apr;46(2):168-79; quiz 179-82. doi: 10.1331/154434506776180621.
To review achievements in pharmacist-administered immunizations, emphasizing the period 1995 to 2004.
Published articles identified through PubMed (1995-2004) using the search terms pharmacist, pharmacy, and vaccine, immunization, or shots. Additional sources were identified from personal bibliographies collected by the authors during this decade, as well as the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. The later two sources resulted in manuscripts of primarily historical significance.
More than 300 manuscripts were identified. The authors selected 15 studies that most clearly document the effect of pharmacist-administered immunizations for review.
By the authors.
While pharmacists have been involved with vaccines dating back to the mid-1800s and the distribution of smallpox vaccine, only 10 years have passed since pharmacists began routinely immunizing patients in their communities as a standard practice activity. The Washington State Pharmacists Association initiated the first ongoing formalized training of pharmacists in vaccine administration in 1994. On November 1, 1996, the American Pharmaceutical (now Pharmacists) Association (APhA) began its nationally recognized training program for pharmacists, Pharmacy-Based Immunization DELIVERY: A National Certificate Program for Pharmacists. By 2004, an estimated 15,000 pharmacists and student pharmacists had been formally trained through recognized programs as vaccine experts, and the practice of pharmacist-administered immunizations, particularly for adult patients, has become routinely accepted as an important role of the pharmacist. Arguably, few initiatives have done more to move the pharmacy profession forward in direct patient care than the pharmacist-administered immunization movement.
Pharmacists have made significant strides in immunizations over the past decade. Limited activities in the hospital sector have been particularly well documented, as have the perceptions of patients regarding acceptance of pharmacists as immunizers. The activities of community pharmacists are less well documented. More research is needed into novel approaches to pharmacist involvement in public health-focused immunization initiatives, along with continued research evaluating the current practice of pharmacist-administered immunizations.
回顾药剂师实施免疫接种方面的成就，重点关注1995年至2004年这一时期。
通过PubMed（1995 - 2004年）检索到的已发表文章，检索词为药剂师、药房以及疫苗、免疫接种或注射。其他来源包括作者在这十年间收集的个人文献目录，以及所检索文章的参考文献目录。后两个来源得到的主要是具有历史意义的手稿。
识别出300多篇手稿。作者挑选了15项最能清晰记录药剂师实施免疫接种效果的研究进行综述。
由作者完成。
药剂师参与疫苗工作可追溯到19世纪中叶天花疫苗的分发，但自药剂师开始在其社区将为患者进行常规免疫接种作为一项标准实践活动以来，仅过去了10年。华盛顿州药剂师协会于1994年启动了首个针对药剂师进行疫苗接种管理的持续正规培训。1996年11月1日，美国药学（现药剂师）协会（APhA）开始了其全国认可的药剂师培训项目——基于药房的免疫接种服务：药剂师国家认证项目。到2004年，估计有15000名药剂师和药剂学学生通过认可项目接受了作为疫苗专家的正规培训，并且药剂师实施免疫接种的实践，尤其是针对成年患者的免疫接种，已被常规接受为药剂师的一项重要职责。可以说，很少有举措比药剂师实施免疫接种运动在推动药学专业直接参与患者护理方面做得更多。
在过去十年中，药剂师在免疫接种方面取得了重大进展。医院部门的有限活动以及患者对接受药剂师作为免疫接种者的看法都有特别详尽的记录。社区药剂师的活动记录较少。需要更多关于药剂师参与以公共卫生为重点的免疫接种倡议新方法的研究，同时继续开展评估药剂师实施免疫接种当前实践的研究。
