Investigation of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood and kidney of marine fish treated with crude oil.

The induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities (nuclear buds, bi-nucleated and fragmented-apoptotic cells) was analyzed in the erythrocytes of peripheral blood and cephalic kidney of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morua), treated with crude oil (Statfjord B, Norway) and with nonylphenol. Significant increase in MN was observed in turbot kidney and blood after exposure to 30 ppb of nonylphenol, 0.5 ppm of oil, and after co-exposure to 0.5 ppm of oil spiked with additional mixture of alkylphenols and PAHs (P varied between 0.0054 and <0.0001). The induction of micronuclei was observed only in cod kidney after exposure to spiked oil (P=0.0317). Significant inter-specific differences after the exposure to 0.5 ppm of oil (P=0.0385) and after treatment with spiked oil (P=0.0067) were observed. In turbot cephalic kidney, the elevated levels of bi-nucleated cells were observed in all treatment groups (P values varied in a range from 0.05 to 0.0025) while the increase in cells with nuclear buds was noted after the exposure to 0.5 ppm of oil (P=0.05). The fragmented-apoptotic cells appeared after the exposure to nonylphenol (P=0.0039) and to spiked oil (P<0.0001). In turbot blood, only the significant induction in nuclear buds was detected. Statistically significant inter-tissue differences were found only in the induction of fragmented-apoptotic cells after the exposure to nonylphenol and to spiked oil.