Population genetic analysis of Phialocephala fortinii s.l. and Acephala applanata in two undisturbed forests in Switzerland and evidence for new cryptic species.

The genetic structure of the root endophytes Phialocephala fortinii s.l. and Acephala applanata was analyzed in two undisturbed forests. A total of 606 strains isolated from surface-sterilized, fine roots of Picea abies and Vaccinium myrtillus were examined. Two new cryptic species of P. fortinii were recognized and host specialization of A. applanata was confirmed. This species was almost exclusively isolated from roots of P. abies. The index of association did not deviate significantly from zero within any population, suggesting that recombination occurs or had occurred. Significant gene but no genotype flow was detected among study sites for P. fortinii s.l. In contrast, several isolates of A. applanata with both identical multi-locus haplotype and identical ISSR fingerprint were found in both study sites indicating genotype flow or a recent common history.