Herzlinger Regina E
Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
Harv Bus Rev. 2006 May;84(5):58-66, 156.
Health care in the United States--and in most other developed countries--is ailing. Medical treatment has made astonishing advances, but the packaging and delivery of health care are often inefficient, ineffective, and user unfriendly. Problems ranging from costs to medical errors beg for ingenious solutions-and indeed, enormous investments have been made in innovation. But too many efforts fail. To find out why, it's necessary to break down the problem, look at the different types of innovation, and examine the forces that affect them. Three kinds of innovation can make health care better and cheaper: One changes the ways consumers buy and use health care, another taps into technology, and the third generates new business models. The health care system erects an array of barriers to each type of innovation. More often than not, organizations can overcome the barriers by managing the six forces that have an impact on health care innovation: players, the friends and foes who can bolster or destroy;funding, the revenue-generation and capital-acquisition processes, which differ from those in other industries; policy, the regulations that pervade the industry; technology, the foundation for innovations that can make health care delivery more efficient and convenient; customers, the empowered and engaged consumers of health care; and accountability, the demand from consumers, payers, and regulators that innovations be safe, effective, and cost-effective. Companies can often turn these six forces to their advantage. The analytical framework the author describes can also be used to examine other industries. Cataloging the innovation types and identifying the forces that aid or undermine them can reveal insights on how to treat chronic innovation ills- prescriptions that will make any industry healthier.
美国以及大多数其他发达国家的医疗保健体系正面临困境。医疗治疗取得了惊人的进展，但医疗保健的包装和提供方式往往效率低下、效果不佳且对用户不友好。从成本到医疗差错等各种问题都亟待巧妙的解决方案——事实上，在创新方面已经投入了巨额资金。但太多的努力都失败了。要找出原因，有必要剖析问题，审视不同类型的创新，并研究影响它们的各种力量。有三种创新可以让医疗保健变得更好、更便宜：一种是改变消费者购买和使用医疗保健的方式，另一种是利用技术，第三种是创造新的商业模式。医疗保健系统对每种创新都设置了一系列障碍。通常情况下，组织可以通过管理影响医疗保健创新的六种力量来克服这些障碍：参与者，即那些能够支持或破坏创新的朋友和敌人；资金，即与其他行业不同的创收和资本获取过程；政策，即贯穿该行业的法规；技术，即能够使医疗保健提供更高效、更便捷的创新基础；客户，即有自主权且积极参与的医疗保健消费者；以及问责制，即消费者、支付方和监管机构对创新要安全、有效且具有成本效益的要求。企业通常可以将这六种力量转化为自身优势。作者所描述的分析框架也可用于审视其他行业。对创新类型进行分类并识别有助于或阻碍创新的力量，可以揭示如何治疗长期存在的创新弊病——这些药方将使任何行业都更加健康。
