Castilla J, Sobrino P, Lorenzo J M, Moreno C, Izquierdo A, Lezaun M E, López I, Núñez D, Perucha M, R'kaina Liesfi C, Zulaika D
Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, Pamplona.
An Sist Sanit Navar. 2006 Jan-Apr;29(1):13-25.
Until 1997 Spain was the European country with the highest incidence of AIDS, due mainly to transmission between users of injected drugs. Since early 1990 there has been a fall in the rate of diagnoses of HIV infection in the Spanish autonomous communities where this information is available, and in 2004 this rate was situated below that of several western European countries. New infections in users of intravenous drugs have declined, and although heterosexual transmission has not undergone significant changes, it has become the prime cause of new HIV infections. The rate of diagnoses of HIV has fallen in both the indigenous population and immigrants; however, demographic changes have meant an increase in the percentage of HIV diagnoses in immigrants. In homosexual men there have been descriptions of a recent increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonococcus, which are a warning of possible increases in the transmission of HIV in this group. The number of people who live with HIV in Spain remains between 100,000 and 150,000 (2.4 to 3.6 per 1,000 inhabitants). In spite of the improvement in prognosis due to antiretroviral treatments, there are annually in Spain over 2,000 cases of AIDS (4.8 per 100,000 inhabitants) and over 1,600 deaths from AIDS (3.8 per 100,000). One third of the people who developed AIDS in 2004 had not until then been diagnosed with HIV, which prevented starting the antiretroviral treatment in time.
直到1997年，西班牙一直是艾滋病发病率最高的欧洲国家，主要原因是注射毒品使用者之间的传播。自1990年初以来，在可获取此类信息的西班牙自治区，艾滋病毒感染的诊断率有所下降，2004年这一比率低于几个西欧国家。静脉注射毒品使用者中的新感染病例有所减少，虽然异性传播没有显著变化，但已成为新的艾滋病毒感染的主要原因。艾滋病毒的诊断率在本土人口和移民中均有所下降；然而，人口结构的变化意味着移民中艾滋病毒诊断的百分比有所增加。在男同性恋者中，近期有梅毒和淋球菌发病率上升的描述，这警示该群体中艾滋病毒传播可能增加。西班牙感染艾滋病毒的人数仍在10万至15万之间（每1000名居民中有2.4至3.6人）。尽管抗逆转录病毒治疗改善了预后，但西班牙每年仍有超过2000例艾滋病病例（每10万居民中有4.8例）以及超过1600例艾滋病死亡（每10万居民中有3.8例）。2004年患艾滋病的人中有三分之一在此之前未被诊断出感染艾滋病毒，这使得无法及时开始抗逆转录病毒治疗。
