Wilder Robert P, Greene Jill Amanda, Winters Kathryne L, Long William B, Gubler K, Edlich Richard F
Division of Spine and Sports Care, The Runner's Clinic, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Virginia Health Sciences System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2006;16(2):193-204. doi: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v16.i2.90.
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) gives the following definition of health-related physical fitness: Physical fitness is defined as a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. It is also characterized by (1) an ability to perform daily activities with vigor, and (2) a demonstration of traits and capacities that are associated with a low risk of premature development of hypokinetic diseases (e.g., those associated with physical inactivity). Information from an individual's health and medical records can be combined with information from physical fitness assessment to meet the specific health goals and rehabilitative needs of that individual. Attaining adequate informed consent from participants prior to exercise testing is mandatory because of ethical and legal considerations.A physical fitness assessment includes measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular fitness, and musculoskeletal flexibility. The three common techniques for assessing body composition are hydrostatic weighing, and skinfold measurements, and anthropometric measurements. Cardiorespiratory endurance is a crucial component of physical fitness assessment because of its strong correlation with health and health risks. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the traditionally accepted criterion for measuring cardiorespiratory endurance. Although maximal-effort tests must be used to measure VO2max, submaximal exercise can be used to estimate this value. Muscular fitness has historically been used to describe an individual's integrated status of muscular strength and muscular endurance. An individual's muscular strength is specific to a particular muscle or muscle group and refers to the maximal force (N or kg) that the muscle or muscle group can generate. Dynamic strength can be assessed by measuring the movement of an individual's body against an external load. Isokinetic testing may be performed by assessing the muscle tension generated throughout a range of motion at a constant angular velocity. The ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a specific period of time that is sufficient to cause fatigue is termed muscular endurance. Musculoskeletal flexibility evaluations focus on the joints and associated structures, ligaments, and muscles that cross the joints. The sit-and-reach test and the behind-the-back reach test satisfy many of the criteria for physical assessment of musculoskeletal flexibility. A physical fitness assessment must be integrated into all activities of daily living, as well as the physician's examination, to assess and promote health.
美国运动医学学院（ACSM）对与健康相关的体能给出了如下定义：体能被定义为人们所具备或获得的一组与进行体育活动的能力相关的属性。它还具有以下特点：（1）有活力地进行日常活动的能力，以及（2）表现出与运动不足相关疾病（如那些与身体不活动相关的疾病）过早发展风险较低相关的特征和能力。个人健康和医疗记录中的信息可以与体能评估信息相结合，以满足该个人的特定健康目标和康复需求。出于伦理和法律考虑，在运动测试前获得参与者充分的知情同意是强制性的。体能评估包括身体成分、心肺耐力、肌肉适能和肌肉骨骼柔韧性的测量。评估身体成分的三种常见技术是水下称重、皮褶测量和人体测量。心肺耐力是体能评估的关键组成部分，因为它与健康和健康风险密切相关。最大摄氧量（VO2max）是传统上公认的测量心肺耐力的标准。虽然必须使用最大努力测试来测量VO2max，但也可以使用次最大运动来估计这个值。肌肉适能在历史上一直用于描述个人肌肉力量和肌肉耐力的综合状况。个人的肌肉力量特定于特定的肌肉或肌肉群，指的是该肌肉或肌肉群能够产生的最大力量（牛顿或千克）。动态力量可以通过测量个人身体对抗外部负荷的运动来评估。等速测试可以通过评估在恒定角速度的整个运动范围内产生的肌肉张力来进行。肌肉群在足以导致疲劳的特定时间段内进行重复收缩的能力称为肌肉耐力。肌肉骨骼柔韧性评估关注关节以及相关结构、韧带和跨越关节的肌肉。坐立前屈测试和背后伸展测试满足肌肉骨骼柔韧性身体评估的许多标准。体能评估必须融入到所有日常生活活动以及医生的检查中，以评估和促进健康。
