Perrings Charles, Dehnen-Schmutz Katharina, Touza Julia, Williamson Mark
Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, UK, YO10 5DD.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2005 May;20(5):212-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.011.
Protecting national borders against biological invasions is becoming increasingly difficult because those whose actions result in invasions seldom bear legal responsibility for those actions. Invasion costs are often an externality (an unintended side effect) of international trade. Externalities are best dealt with by internalizing them; that is, by getting those who harm society to meet the cost. This is the 'polluter pays principle', which, under current trade rules, is difficult to implement. Tariffs could, however, be used to confront exporters with the costs of their actions, and the right to do this should be embedded in trade agreements. At the same time, international aid could be used to protect donor societies against the inability of some other countries to take appropriate biosecurity measures. The impact of invasions can thus be reduced by tackling their economic externalities.
保护国家边境免受生物入侵正变得越来越困难，因为那些导致入侵的行为很少让行为人为此承担法律责任。入侵成本往往是国际贸易的一种外部效应（一种意外的副作用）。处理外部效应的最佳方法是将其内部化；也就是说，让那些危害社会的人承担成本。这就是“污染者付费原则”，在现行贸易规则下，这一原则很难实施。然而，关税可以用来让出口商承担其行为的成本，并且这样做的权利应该写入贸易协定。与此同时，可以利用国际援助来保护援助国社会，使其免受其他一些国家无法采取适当生物安全措施的影响。因此，通过解决入侵的经济外部效应，可以减少入侵的影响。
