Jones Gareth, Teeling Emma C
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
Trends Ecol Evol. 2006 Mar;21(3):149-56. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001. Epub 2006 Feb 8.
Recent molecular phylogenies have changed our perspective on the evolution of echolocation in bats. These phylogenies suggest that certain bats with sophisticated echolocation (e.g. horseshoe bats) share a common ancestry with non-echolocating bats (e.g. Old World fruit bats). One interpretation of these trees presumes that laryngeal echolocation (calls produced in the larynx) probably evolved in the ancestor of all extant bats. Echolocation might have subsequently been lost in Old World fruit bats, only to evolve secondarily (by tongue clicking) in this family. Remarkable acoustic features such as Doppler shift compensation, whispering echolocation and nasal emission of sound each show multiple convergent origins in bats. The extensive adaptive radiation in echolocation call design is shaped largely by ecology, showing how perceptual challenges imposed by the environment can often override phylogenetic constraints.
最近的分子系统发育学改变了我们对蝙蝠回声定位进化的看法。这些系统发育学表明，某些具有复杂回声定位能力的蝙蝠（如菊头蝠）与非回声定位蝙蝠（如旧大陆果蝠）有着共同的祖先。对这些谱系的一种解释是，喉部回声定位（在喉部产生的叫声）可能在所有现存蝙蝠的祖先中就已进化出来。回声定位可能随后在旧大陆果蝠中消失，却又在这个家族中二次进化（通过舌头发出咔哒声）。诸如多普勒频移补偿、低语回声定位和鼻腔发声等显著的声学特征在蝙蝠中各自都显示出多个趋同起源。回声定位叫声设计中的广泛适应性辐射在很大程度上受生态影响，这表明环境施加的感知挑战往往能够超越系统发育的限制。
