Biederman Joseph, Monuteaux Michael C, Mick Eric, Spencer Thomas, Wilens Timothy E, Klein Kristy L, Price Julia E, Faraone Stephen V
Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit of the Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 32 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 15;60(10):1098-105. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.031. Epub 2006 May 19.
Despite the importance of understanding the long-term outcome of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the available literature is predominantly based on male samples. This study estimated the lifetime burden of comorbid psychopathology in a large sample of girls with and without ADHD followed up over five years.
We conducted a blind, five-year prospective longitudinal study of girls with (n=140) and without (n=122) ADHD, aged 6-18 years at baseline, consecutively ascertained from either community pediatricians or psychiatrists at an academic medical center. At the five-year follow-up, 123 (88%) and 112 (92%) of the ADHD and control children, respectively, were re-assessed at a mean age of 16.7 years. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using blinded structured diagnostic interviews.
At follow-up, females with ADHD were at significantly higher risk than controls to manifest disruptive behavior, mood and anxiety disorders, and substance dependence. The magnitude of increased risk was greatest for major depression and oppositional-defiant disorder, followed by substance dependence and anxiety disorders.
These prospective follow-up findings documenting high morbidity associated with ADHD extend to females previously reported findings in male samples and underscore the importance of early recognition and intervention efforts for youth with ADHD of both genders.
尽管了解注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的长期预后很重要，但现有文献主要基于男性样本。本研究评估了一大群患有和未患有ADHD的女孩在五年随访期间共病精神病理学的终生负担。
我们对年龄在6至18岁、基线时患有ADHD（n = 140）和未患有ADHD（n = 122）的女孩进行了一项为期五年的前瞻性纵向盲法研究，这些女孩是从一所学术医疗中心的社区儿科医生或精神科医生处连续确定的。在五年随访时，分别对123名（88%）患有ADHD的儿童和112名（92%）对照儿童进行了重新评估，平均年龄为16.7岁。使用盲法结构化诊断访谈评估精神障碍。
随访时，患有ADHD的女性出现破坏性行为、情绪和焦虑障碍以及物质依赖的风险显著高于对照组。风险增加幅度最大的是重度抑郁症和对立违抗障碍，其次是物质依赖和焦虑障碍。
这些前瞻性随访结果记录了与ADHD相关的高发病率，扩展了先前在男性样本中报告的结果，并强调了对男女ADHD青少年进行早期识别和干预的重要性。
