Roth E, Scott R, Deutsch S, Kuper S, Schmidt V, Stilson M, Wampler J
Roth Cognitive Engineering, Brookline, MA, USA.
Ergonomics. 2006 Jun 10;49(7):688-705. doi: 10.1080/00140130600612556.
Military command and control (C2) organizations are complex socio-technical systems which must constantly adapt to meet changing operational requirements. We describe our experiences in developing a work-centred support system (WCSS) to aid weather forecasting and monitoring in a military airlift C2 organization as an illustrative case. As part of the development process we conducted field observations both before and after introduction of the WCSS in their operations centre. A striking finding was the constant changes that operations personnel faced (changes in goals and priorities, changes in scale of operations, changes in team roles and structure, and changes in information sources and systems). We describe the changes in workplace demands that we observed and the modifications we needed to make to the WCSS in response. For today's fielded systems, it is seldom possible to make changes that are responsive to users' changing requirements in a timely manner. We argue for the need to incorporate facilities that enable users to adapt their systems to the changing requirements of work and point to some promising directions towards evolvable work-centred support systems.
军事指挥与控制（C2）组织是复杂的社会技术系统，必须不断适应以满足不断变化的作战需求。我们描述了在一个军事空运C2组织中开发一个以工作为中心的支持系统（WCSS）以辅助天气预报和监测的经验，作为一个示例案例。作为开发过程的一部分，我们在WCSS引入其运营中心之前和之后都进行了实地观察。一个显著的发现是运营人员面临的持续变化（目标和优先级的变化、行动规模的变化、团队角色和结构的变化以及信息来源和系统的变化）。我们描述了观察到的工作场所需求的变化以及我们为响应这些变化而对WCSS所做的修改。对于当今已部署的系统，很少有可能及时做出响应用户不断变化需求的更改。我们主张需要纳入使用户能够使其系统适应不断变化的工作需求的设施，并指出朝着可演化的以工作为中心的支持系统发展的一些有前景的方向。
