Jonkman Lisa M
Faculty of Psychology, Dept. of Neurocognition, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Brain Res. 2006 Jun 30;1097(1):181-93. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.064. Epub 2006 May 26.
The present developmental study aimed to trace changes in response expectation, preparation, conflict monitoring and subsequent response inhibition from 6 years of age to adulthood. In two groups of children (6-7 and 9-10 years old) and young adults (19-23 years old), behavior and event-related brain activity (ERP) in a CPT-AX task was measured. Hits, false alarms, inattention and impulsivity scores and ERP measures of conflict monitoring and inhibition (Nogo-N2 and P3), cue-orientation and prestimulus target expectation (cue-P2 and P3) and response preparation (Contingent Negative Variation; CNV) were collected. Behavioral measures indicated that attention processes developed most strongly before age 10, whereas impulsive behavior only started to diminish after the age of 10. Nogo-N2 effects were largest and more widely distributed across fronto-parietal electrodes in 6-7-year olds and decreased linearly with age. Nogo-P3 effects showed an opposite pattern by being absent in the youngest children, starting to develop at age 9-10 and reaching maturity in young adulthood. These developmental behavioral and ERP results are supportive of links between Nogo-N2 and conflict monitoring and Nogo-P3 and response inhibition and suggest that both are liable to different developmental progress. Furthermore, enhanced cue-P3 activity in both 6-7 and 9-10-year olds was argued to reflect a higher level of Go-stimulus expectation, that might cause them to experience more conflict on subsequent Nogo-trials, when the 'not-expected' stimulus appears. On the other hand, young children's reduced preparatory CNV activity was interpreted as a sign of reduced response priming caused by yet immature fronto-parietal networks involved in motor regulation.
本发育研究旨在追踪从6岁到成年期，反应期望、准备、冲突监测以及随后的反应抑制方面的变化。对两组儿童（6 - 7岁和9 - 10岁）以及青年成年人（19 - 23岁），在连续性能测试- AX任务（CPT - AX任务）中测量其行为和事件相关脑活动（ERP）。收集命中、虚报、注意力不集中和冲动性得分，以及冲突监测和抑制的ERP指标（Nogo - N2和P3）、线索定向和刺激前目标期望（线索 - P2和P3）以及反应准备（关联性负变；CNV）。行为测量表明，注意力过程在10岁之前发育最为强烈，而冲动行为在10岁之后才开始减少。Nogo - N2效应在6 - 7岁儿童中最大，且在额顶叶电极上分布更广，并随年龄线性下降。Nogo - P3效应呈现相反模式，在最年幼的儿童中不存在，在9 - 10岁开始发展，并在青年成年期达到成熟。这些发育行为和ERP结果支持了Nogo - N2与冲突监测以及Nogo - P3与反应抑制之间的联系，并表明两者都有不同的发育进程。此外，6 - 7岁和9 - 10岁儿童中增强的线索 - P3活动被认为反映了更高水平的“执行”刺激期望，这可能导致他们在随后的“不执行”试验中，当“未预期”刺激出现时，体验到更多冲突。另一方面，幼儿准备性CNV活动的减少被解释为参与运动调节的额顶叶网络尚未成熟导致反应启动减少的迹象。
