Microtubules: forgotten players in the apoptotic execution phase.

A cell entering the execution phase of apoptosis (regulated cell death) undergoes characteristic rearrangements, in which the cytoskeleton has major roles. Historically, this reorganisation has been attributed entirely to actomyosin contractility, with microtubule and intermediate filament systems both reported to be lost at an early stage. However, recent results indicate that microtubule networks re-form during the later stages of apoptosis and assist in the dispersal of nuclear and cellular fragments--steps that are thought to be important for preventing inflammation. Here, we discuss the roles of the cytoskeleton during apoptosis and challenge current thinking that actin is the sole functional component driving all major execution phase events.