Mulligan Neil W
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA.
Memory. 2006 May;14(4):502-18. doi: 10.1080/09658210500513438.
Recall performance sometimes improves over repeated recall attempts, a phenomenon dubbed hypermnesia. A critical theoretical issue is whether hypermnesia is due to repeated testing per se or increased retrieval time. The present experiments investigated by contrasting five testing conditions. All participants were presented with the same study list followed by either two shorter recall tests or a single longer test. In the multiple test conditions, the tests were either separated by a (filled) 7-minute interval (the multiple-split condition), or presented consecutively, with no break (the multiple-immediate condition). In the single test conditions, the test either began at the start of the recall session, after a (filled) 7-minute delay, or with a 7-minute interruption inserted in the middle. The multiple-split condition produced more reminiscence and hypermnesia than the multiple-immediate condition. More importantly, the multiple-split condition produced greater cumulative recall than any of the other conditions (which did not differ among themselves). That is, single and repeated recall tests of equal total duration are not functionally equivalent.
回忆表现有时会在多次回忆尝试中得到改善，这种现象被称为记忆增强。一个关键的理论问题是，记忆增强是由于重复测试本身还是检索时间的增加。本实验通过对比五种测试条件进行了研究。所有参与者都被呈现相同的学习列表，随后进行两次较短的回忆测试或一次较长的测试。在多次测试条件下，测试之间要么间隔7分钟（有填充时间，即多次间隔条件），要么连续进行，没有中断（多次即时条件）。在单次测试条件下，测试要么在回忆环节开始时进行，要么在延迟7分钟（有填充时间）后进行，要么在中间插入7分钟的中断。多次间隔条件比多次即时条件产生了更多的回忆和记忆增强。更重要的是，多次间隔条件比其他任何条件（其他条件之间没有差异）产生了更大的累积回忆。也就是说，总时长相等的单次和重复回忆测试在功能上并不等效。
