Hespel P, Maughan R J, Greenhaff P L
Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
J Sports Sci. 2006 Jul;24(7):749-61. doi: 10.1080/02640410500482974.
Physical training and competition in football markedly increase the need for macro- and micronutrient intake. This requirement can generally be met by dietary management without the need for dietary supplements. In fact, the efficacy of most supplements available on the market is unproven. In addition, players must be cautious of inadequate product labelling and supplement impurities that may cause a positive drug test. Nonetheless, a number of dietary supplements may beneficially affect football performance. A high endurance capacity is a prerequisite for optimal match performance, particularly if extra time is played. In this context, the potential of low-dose caffeine ingestion (2 - 5 mg . kg body mass(-1)) to enhance endurance performance is well established. However, in the case of football, care must be taken not to overdose because visual information processing might be impaired. Scoring and preventing goals as a rule requires production of high power output. Dietary creatine supplementation (loading dose: 15 - 20 g . day(-1), 4 - 5 days; maintenance dose: 2 - 5 g g . day(-1)) has been found to increase muscle power output, especially during intermittent sprint exercises. Furthermore, creatine intake can augment muscle adaptations to resistance training. Team success and performance also depend on player availability, and thus injury prevention and health maintenance. Glucosamine or chondroitin may be useful in the treatment of joint pain and osteoarthritis, but there is no evidence to support the view that the administration of these supplements will be preventative. Ephedra-containing weight-loss cocktails should certainly be avoided due to reported adverse health effects and positive doping outcomes. Finally, the efficacy of antioxidant or vitamin C intake in excess of the normal recommended dietary dose is equivocal. Responses to dietary supplements can vary substantially between individuals, and therefore the ingestion of any supplement must be assessed in training before being used in competition. It is recommended that dietary supplements are only used based on the advice of a qualified sports nutrition professional.
足球运动中的体能训练和比赛显著增加了对常量营养素和微量营养素的摄入量需求。一般通过饮食管理就能满足这一需求，无需膳食补充剂。事实上，市场上大多数现有补充剂的功效尚未得到证实。此外，运动员必须小心产品标签不充分以及补充剂杂质可能导致药检呈阳性的问题。尽管如此，一些膳食补充剂可能对足球表现产生有益影响。高耐力是最佳比赛表现的先决条件，尤其是在有加时赛的情况下。在这种情况下，低剂量摄入咖啡因（2 - 5毫克·千克体重⁻¹）提高耐力表现的潜力已得到充分证实。然而，就足球而言，必须注意不要过量摄入，因为这可能会损害视觉信息处理能力。进球和防守通常需要产生高功率输出。研究发现，补充膳食肌酸（负荷剂量：15 - 20克·天⁻¹，持续4 - 5天；维持剂量：2 - 5克·天⁻¹）可增加肌肉功率输出，尤其是在间歇性冲刺训练期间。此外，摄入肌酸可增强肌肉对阻力训练的适应性。球队的成功和表现还取决于球员的可用性，因此预防伤病和保持健康很重要。氨基葡萄糖或软骨素可能对治疗关节疼痛和骨关节炎有用，但没有证据支持服用这些补充剂具有预防作用的观点。由于有报道称含麻黄碱的减肥鸡尾酒会对健康产生不良影响且会导致兴奋剂检测呈阳性，所以绝对应该避免使用。最后，摄入超过正常推荐膳食剂量的抗氧化剂或维生素C的功效并不明确。个体对膳食补充剂的反应可能有很大差异，因此在比赛中使用任何补充剂之前，必须在训练中进行评估。建议仅根据合格的运动营养专业人员的建议使用膳食补充剂。
