Magai Carol, Consedine Nathan S, Krivoshekova Yulia S, Kudadjie-Gyamfi Elizabeth, McPherson Renee
Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
Psychol Aging. 2006 Jun;21(2):303-17. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.303.
This investigation represents a multimodal study of age-related differences in experienced and expressed affect and in emotion regulatory skills in a sample of young, middle-aged, and older adults (N=96), testing formulations derived from differential emotions theory. The experimental session consisted of a 10-min anger induction and a 10-min sadness induction using a relived emotion task; participants were also randomly assigned to an inhibition or noninhibition condition. In addition to subjective ratings of emotional experience provided by participants, their facial behavior was coded using an objective facial affect coding system; a content analysis also was applied to the emotion narratives. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance applied to each emotion domain indicated age differences in the co-occurrence of negative emotions and co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions across domains, thus extending the finding of emotion heterogeneity or complexity in emotion experience to facial behavior and verbal narratives. The authors also found that the inhibition condition resulted in a different pattern of results in the older versus middle-aged and younger adults. The intensity and frequency of discrete emotions were similar across age groups, with a few exceptions. Overall, the findings were generally consistent with differential emotions theory.
本研究对年轻、中年和老年成年人样本（N = 96）在体验到的和表达出的情感以及情绪调节技能方面与年龄相关的差异进行了多模式研究，检验了源自差异情绪理论的构想。实验环节包括使用重温情绪任务进行10分钟的愤怒诱发和10分钟的悲伤诱发；参与者还被随机分配到抑制或非抑制条件。除了参与者提供的情绪体验主观评分外，还使用客观面部情感编码系统对他们的面部行为进行编码；对情绪叙述也进行了内容分析。对每个情绪领域进行的单独重复测量方差分析表明，跨领域的负面情绪共现以及正面和负面情绪共现存在年龄差异，从而将情绪体验中情绪异质性或复杂性的发现扩展到面部行为和言语叙述。作者还发现，抑制条件在老年人与中年人和年轻人中产生了不同的结果模式。除了少数例外情况，不同年龄组离散情绪的强度和频率相似。总体而言，研究结果与差异情绪理论基本一致。
