Wahl Norman
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Jun;129(6):829-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.019.
The history of the functional appliance can be traced back to 1879, when Norman Kingsley introduced the "bite-jumping" appliance. In the early 1900s, parallel development began in the United States and Europe in fixed and functional techniques, respectively, but the Atlantic Ocean was a geographic barrier that restricted the sharing of knowledge and experience in these philosophies. The only exception to this was the fixed functional appliance designed by Herbst. The monobloc, developed by Robin in 1902, is generally considered the forerunner of removable functional appliances, but the activator developed in Norway by Andresen in the 1920s was the first functional appliance to be widely accepted, becoming the basis of the "Norwegian system" of treatment. Both the appliance system and its theoretical underpinnings were improved and extended elsewhere in Europe, particularly by the German school led by Häupl, Bimler, and Balters. It would be after midcentury before functional appliances were reintroduced into American orthodontics.
功能性矫治器的历史可以追溯到1879年，当时诺曼·金斯利推出了“咬合跳跃”矫治器。20世纪初，美国和欧洲分别在固定矫治技术和功能性矫治技术方面开始了并行发展，但大西洋成为了一个地理障碍，限制了这些理念的知识和经验共享。唯一的例外是赫布斯特设计的固定功能性矫治器。1902年由罗宾发明的整体矫治器通常被认为是可摘功能性矫治器的先驱，但20世纪20年代安德烈森在挪威研发的肌激动器是第一个被广泛接受的功能性矫治器，成为“挪威治疗体系”的基础。矫治器系统及其理论基础在欧洲其他地方，特别是由豪普尔、比姆勒和巴尔特斯领导的德国学派得到了改进和扩展。功能性矫治器直到世纪中叶之后才重新引入美国正畸学领域。
