Cost-effective management of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCD) globally and a leading cause of death in many countries; the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes will most affect the developing world. The burden of diabetes is related to its chronic complications, both the specific microvascular and the nonspecific macrovascular (atherosclerosis), making diabetes one of the leading causes of death in some countries and an enormous financial burden. The costs of diabetes care, both direct and indirect, are high. Single and multiple risk-factor intervention studies have provided evidence that targeting hyperglycemia and other nonglycemic risk factors reduces the risk of chronic complications; most national guidelines recommend intensified, multitargeted intervention of known modifiable risk factors. The aim in management is optimal control, both glycemic and non-glycemic (blood pressure, lipid and weight control). Management strategies for hyperglycemia include standard methods and individualized options. Given the complexities of the therapeutic choices (classes/agents) and regimens and on the basis of proven benefit, long familiarity, known side-effects, and reduced cost of sulfonylureas, biguanides, and insulin, one should start with standard methods. Despite the evidence for benefit of glycemic control, wide therapeutic choices and regimens and clearer targets for control, glycemic control is far from ideal. The cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of diabetes-related complications compares favorably with that of other accepted uses of healthcare resources and provides convincing economic rationale for improving standards of care for patients with type 2 diabetes.