Behavioural rigidity and rule-learning deficits following isolation-rearing in the rat: neurochemical correlates.

Isolation-reared rats were compared to those reared in social groups on the acquisition of a conditional visual discrimination (Expt. I), a simultaneous (simple) light/dark discrimination and serial reversal learning (Expt. II). In Expt. I, rats reared in social isolation made more errors during the acquisition of the conditional discrimination but did reach a level of accurate performance which was comparable with that of socially-reared rats. Discrimination performance in isolates was less disruptable by manipulations of the task requirements. Reducing the number of stimulus lights or the introduction of a distracting stimulus increased the number of errors committed by socially-reared rats but did not significantly affect accuracy in isolates. Performance in isolated rats was also remarkably resistant to changes in motivational variables. Isolates responded more frequently during conditions of extinction and were virtually unaffected by pre-feeding prior to testing. In Expt. II, isolation-reared rats were not impaired in the acquisition of a simultaneous discrimination but unlike socially-reared rats isolates failed to show improvement with successive reversals of this discrimination. Isolates exhibited stronger position habits than socially-reared rats following reversal of the contingencies. These results of these two experiments combined have demonstrated a specific impairment in rule learning in isolates. Isolated rats were not impaired on a simultaneous discrimination in which accurate performance can be achieved simply by approaching the stimulus associated with reinforcement, but performed worse than controls on both the conditional discrimination and on serial reversal learning, another form of conditional task. In both of these latter tasks each stimulus becomes equally associated with reward and therefore performance can be improved by learning a rule. Post-mortem neurochemical measurements made at the completion of Expt. II revealed selective alterations in dopaminergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic markers in isolated rats. Correlational analyses indicated specific relationships between neurochemical and behavioural measurements.