de Wit H, Griffiths R R
Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991 Jun;28(1):83-111. doi: 10.1016/0376-8716(91)90054-3.
This paper represents a comprehensive review of laboratory studies investigating the abuse liability of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs in humans. The subjective effects of these drugs, most of which are either barbiturates or benzodiazepines, have been measured using various self-report questionnaires and their reinforcing effects have been studied using self-administration and choice procedures. Studies using both subjective and reinforcing effects reveal orderly relations between the two main chemical classes of anxiolytic/hypnotics (e.g. barbiturates are associated with higher abuse liability than benzodiazepines), between different doses of the drugs (e.g. higher doses are usually associated with higher abuse liability) and among different compounds within a class. The subjective and reinforcing effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines depend critically upon the subject populations that are tested and it is argued that individuals with histories of drug abuse provide a more sensitive indicator of abuse liability than healthy volunteers. Several principles of abuse liability testing are discussed, including the selection of an appropriate subject population, the use of blind drug administration procedures, the comparison of a test compound to an appropriate standard, the inclusion of a placebo and a wide range of doses of the test drug and the use of multiple measures of likelihood of abuse.
本文对研究抗焦虑和催眠药物在人体中的滥用可能性的实验室研究进行了全面综述。这些药物（其中大多数为巴比妥类或苯二氮䓬类）的主观效应已通过各种自我报告问卷进行测量，其强化效应则通过自我给药和选择程序进行研究。使用主观效应和强化效应的研究揭示了抗焦虑/催眠药物的两种主要化学类别之间（例如，巴比妥类药物比苯二氮䓬类药物具有更高的滥用可能性）、不同剂量的药物之间（例如，较高剂量通常与较高的滥用可能性相关）以及同一类别内不同化合物之间的有序关系。巴比妥类和苯二氮䓬类药物的主观效应和强化效应在很大程度上取决于所测试的受试人群，并且有人认为，有药物滥用史的个体比健康志愿者提供了更敏感的滥用可能性指标。文中讨论了滥用可能性测试的几个原则，包括选择合适的受试人群、采用盲法给药程序、将测试化合物与适当的标准进行比较、纳入安慰剂和测试药物的广泛剂量范围以及使用多种滥用可能性测量方法。
