Konta T, Hao Z, Abiko H, Ishikawa M, Takahashi T, Ikeda A, Ichikawa K, Takasaki S, Kubota I
Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 2-2-2, Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
Kidney Int. 2006 Aug;70(4):751-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001504.
Microalbuminuria, an indicator of glomerular injury, is associated with increased risk of progressive renal deterioration, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Japanese general population is less certain. Thus, we examined the prevalence of microalbuminuria and its associated risk factors in Japan. Subjects of this cross-sectional study were asymptomatic individuals over 40 years in Takahata, Japan. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio was calculated from a single-spot urine specimen collected in the morning. Creatinine clearance (CCr) was obtained by Cockcroft-Gault equation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine which risk factors (i.e., age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and salt intake) might predict the presence of microalbuminuria. A total of 2321 subjects (mean age, 64 years; men, 1034; women, 1287) were entered into the final analysis. Among them, the prevalence of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and proteinuria by dipstick test (> or = 1+) were 317 (13.7%), 39 (1.7%), and 103 (4.4%), respectively. Age, hypertension, and diabetes were independently associated with microalbuminuria in men. In addition to the classical risk factors detected in men, estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion and uric acid were also independently associated with microalbuminuria in women. Among the 668 subjects with renal insufficiency (CCr <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), the prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were 119 (17.8%) and 18 (2.7%), respectively. In conclusion, microalbuminuria is prevalent across all age groups and is associated with lifestyle-related risk factors in Japanese general population. However, there are a substantial number of subjects with renal insufficiency accompanying no microalbuminuria.
微量白蛋白尿是肾小球损伤的一个指标，与进行性肾脏恶化、心血管疾病及死亡率风险增加相关。然而，日本普通人群中微量白蛋白尿的患病率尚不确定。因此，我们调查了日本微量白蛋白尿的患病率及其相关危险因素。这项横断面研究的对象是日本高幡的40岁以上无症状个体。通过早晨采集的单次晨尿标本计算尿白蛋白肌酐比值。采用Cockcroft-Gault公式计算肌酐清除率（CCr）。多因素logistic回归分析用于确定哪些危险因素（即年龄、高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和盐摄入量）可能预测微量白蛋白尿的存在。共有2321名受试者（平均年龄64岁；男性1034名，女性1287名）纳入最终分析。其中，通过试纸法检测（≥1+）的微量白蛋白尿、大量白蛋白尿和蛋白尿的患病率分别为317例（13.7%）、39例（1.7%）和103例（4.4%）。年龄、高血压和糖尿病在男性中与微量白蛋白尿独立相关。除了在男性中检测到的经典危险因素外，估计的24小时尿钠排泄量和尿酸在女性中也与微量白蛋白尿独立相关。在668例肾功能不全（CCr<60 ml/min/1.73 m²）受试者中，微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿的患病率分别为119例（17.8%）和18例（2.7%）。总之，微量白蛋白尿在日本普通人群的所有年龄组中都很普遍，并且与生活方式相关的危险因素有关。然而，有相当数量的肾功能不全受试者没有微量白蛋白尿。
