选择和预测电击和安全的刺激的可靠性。
Choice and the dependability of stimuli that predict shock and safety.
出版信息
J Exp Anal Behav. 1976 Jul;26(1):95-111. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1976.26-95.
This study assessed whether choosing a signalled shock condition over an unsignalled one is controlled by a stimulus that predicts the presence of shock (Experiment I), or by a stimulus that predicts the absence of shock (Experiment II). The dependability of these stimuli as predictors of either the presence or the absence of shock was parametrically varied over a wide range, and subjects (rats) were given an option to change from an unsignalled to a signalled condition. In the first experiment, all shocks were preceded by signals; however, the probability of a signal being followed by shock varied from 1.0 to 0.02. The data obtained indicate that the dependability of the signal as a predictor of shock is unimportant. Rats changed to the signalled condition when the signal was completely dependable (all signals followed by shock) and when the dependability of the signal was systematically degraded. In the second experiment, all signals were followed by shock; however, some shocks were not preceded by a signal. The data show that the dependability of a stimulus predicting the absence of shock is important in that, as dependability decreases, changing to the signalled condition also decreases.
本研究评估了在有信号和无信号两种电击条件之间进行选择，是由预测电击出现的刺激（实验一），还是由预测电击缺失的刺激（实验二）所控制。这些刺激作为预测电击出现或缺失的指标，其可靠性在很大范围内发生了参数变化，而实验对象（老鼠）则可以选择从无信号条件切换到有信号条件。在第一个实验中，所有电击都伴随着信号；然而，信号之后出现电击的概率从 1.0 变化到 0.02。实验数据表明，信号作为电击预测指标的可靠性并不重要。当信号完全可靠（所有信号都伴随着电击）或信号的可靠性系统降低时，老鼠会切换到有信号的条件。在第二个实验中，所有信号之后都伴随着电击；然而，有些电击并没有信号作为前奏。实验数据表明，预测电击缺失的刺激的可靠性很重要，因为随着可靠性的降低，切换到有信号的条件的情况也会减少。
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