Inflammation and adipose tissue in uremia.

Enhanced chronic systemic inflammation and reduced insulin sensitivity are often associated in patients with chronic renal failure, contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients. Adipose tissue produces several hormones (adipocytokines including leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and adiponectin) that modulate both systemic inflammatory response and insulin action. High leptin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and low adiponectin are associated with proinflammatory conditions, whereas opposite patterns are commonly observed in the presence of increased insulin sensitivity, low inflammation, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Oxidative stress has also been shown recently to modulate adipocytokine production, resulting in a proinflammatory profile. Increments of plasma concentrations of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines have been reported in chronic renal failure, possibly caused by both passive accumulation from reduced renal excretion and metabolic abnormalities induced by uremia. The potential role of altered adipose tissue adipocytokine production in the onset of renal failure-associated inflammatory and metabolic derangements remains largely to be elucidated and is discussed in the current report.