Rehorek Susan J, Smith Timothy D
Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, USA.
Ann Anat. 2006 Jul;188(4):319-27. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2006.01.018.
The Harderian gland, an anterior orbital structure, is either absent or vestigial in primates. This is based upon gross anatomical observations of scattered adult specimens. Though largely absent in the adult human, it is present in the fetal and neonatal stages. Thus, histological examination of the orbital region of neonatal material was undertaken in other primates. The orbital region of neonatal specimens of 12 species of strepsirrhines (Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes), and haplorhine (tarsiers and callitrichids) was examined. The Harderian gland is ensconced in either periorbital fat or connective tissue and thus was not readily identifiable gross anatomically. Thus, it may have been missed in the anatomical studies. Tarsal glands are present in all neonatal primate eyelids. The relative size of the neonatal primate Harderian gland can be subdivided into five separate categories, ranging from large to absent (tarsiers), with no apparent phylogenetic trends. Thus, the Harderian gland is present in numerous primates at birth, quite possibly all strepsirrhines. The positive findings on callitrichids question whether any anthropoids lack the Harderian gland postnatally. The enigmatic tarsier appears to possess another apomorphic trait in lacking a Harderian gland. Further study is required to determine the role of this gland and its relationship with the tarsal glands.
哈德氏腺是一种位于眼眶前部的结构，在灵长类动物中要么不存在，要么已退化。这是基于对零散成年标本的大体解剖观察得出的结论。尽管在成年人类中该腺体基本不存在，但在胎儿和新生儿阶段是存在的。因此，研究人员对其他灵长类动物的新生儿眼眶区域进行了组织学检查。研究人员检查了12种原猴亚目动物（狐猴型下目和懒猴型下目）以及简鼻亚目动物（跗猴和狨猴）的新生儿标本的眼眶区域。哈德氏腺包埋于眶周脂肪或结缔组织中，因此从大体解剖上不易识别。所以，它可能在解剖学研究中被遗漏了。睑板腺存在于所有灵长类动物的新生儿眼睑中。新生儿灵长类动物哈德氏腺的相对大小可分为五个不同类别，从大到无（跗猴），没有明显的系统发育趋势。因此，哈德氏腺在许多灵长类动物出生时就存在，很可能所有原猴亚目动物都有。狨猴的阳性发现引发了一个问题，即是否有任何类人猿在出生后缺乏哈德氏腺。神秘的跗猴似乎具有另一个独特特征，即没有哈德氏腺。需要进一步研究来确定该腺体的作用及其与睑板腺的关系。
