Kriegsfeld Lance J
Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, 3210 Tolman Hall, # 1650, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
Horm Behav. 2006 Dec;50(5):655-66. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.004. Epub 2006 Jul 31.
The availability of tools for probing the genome and proteome more efficiently has allowed for the rapid discovery of novel genes and peptides that play important, previously uncharacterized roles in neuroendocrine regulation. In this review, the role of a class of neuropeptides containing the C-terminal Arg-Phe-NH(2) (RFamide) in regulating the reproductive axis will be highlighted. Neuropeptides containing the C-terminal Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH(2) (FMRFamide) were first identified as cardioregulatory elements in the bi-valve mollusk Macrocallista nimbosa. During the past two decades, numerous studies have shown the presence of structurally similar peptides sharing the RFamide motif across taxa. In vertebrates, RFamide peptides have pronounced influences on opiatergic regulation and neuroendocrine function. Two key peptides in this family are emerging as important regulators of the reproductive axis, kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Kisspeptin acts as the accelerator, directly driving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, whereas GnIH acts as the restraint. Recent evidence suggests that both peptides play a role in mediating the negative feedback effects of sex steroids. This review presents the hypothesis that these peptides share complementary roles by responding to internal and external stimuli with opposing actions to precisely regulate the reproductive axis.
更高效地探测基因组和蛋白质组的工具的出现，使得人们能够迅速发现新的基因和肽，这些基因和肽在神经内分泌调节中发挥着重要的、以前未被描述的作用。在这篇综述中，将重点介绍一类含有C端精氨酸-苯丙氨酸-酰胺（RFamide）的神经肽在调节生殖轴中的作用。含有C端苯丙氨酸-甲硫氨酸-精氨酸-苯丙氨酸-酰胺（FMRFamide）的神经肽最初是在双壳贝类Macrocallista nimbosa中被鉴定为心脏调节因子。在过去的二十年里，大量研究表明，在不同生物分类群中存在结构相似且具有RFamide基序的肽。在脊椎动物中，RFamide肽对阿片能调节和神经内分泌功能有显著影响。这个家族中的两种关键肽，即亲吻素和促性腺激素抑制激素（GnIH），正成为生殖轴的重要调节因子。亲吻素起到加速器的作用，直接驱动促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元，而GnIH则起到抑制作用。最近的证据表明，这两种肽在介导性类固醇的负反馈作用中都发挥了作用。这篇综述提出了一个假说，即这些肽通过以相反的作用对内部和外部刺激做出反应，从而发挥互补作用，精确调节生殖轴。
