Désiré Lara, Veissier Isabelle, Després Gérard, Delval Eric, Toporenko Gilles, Boissy Alain
Unite de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Clermont-Ferrand Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France.
J Comp Psychol. 2006 Aug;120(3):280-7. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.280.
Appraisal theories state that an emotion results from an individual's evaluation of a stimulating event, which is based on a set of criteria. Each criterion triggers specific expressions that can be modulated by the outcome of other criteria. The authors analyzed the effects of the criteria of suddenness, unfamiliarity, and their combination on behavioral and cardiac responses in lambs (Ovis aries). Lambs were exposed to a visual stimulus that appeared either rapidly or slowly and was either unfamiliar or familiar. Suddenness induced a startle response and an increase in heart rate. Unfamiliarity induced an orientation response. The combination of suddenness and unfamiliarity enhanced both the heart rate increase and the behavioral orientation response. These results support the hypotheses of specificity and modulation of emotional expressions.
评价理论认为，情绪源于个体基于一组标准对刺激事件的评估。每个标准都会触发特定的反应，这些反应可能会受到其他标准结果的调节。作者分析了突然性、陌生性及其组合标准对羔羊（绵羊）行为和心脏反应的影响。让羔羊暴露于快速或缓慢出现的视觉刺激下，该刺激要么是陌生的，要么是熟悉的。突然性会引发惊吓反应和心率加快。陌生性会引发定向反应。突然性和陌生性的组合增强了心率加快和行为定向反应。这些结果支持了情绪表达的特异性和调节的假设。
