Jewkes Rachel, Dunkle Kristin, Koss Mary P, Levin Jonathan B, Nduna Mzikazi, Jama Nwabisa, Sikweyiya Yandisa
Gender & Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Medical Research Council Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
Soc Sci Med. 2006 Dec;63(11):2949-61. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.027. Epub 2006 Sep 7.
Sexual violence is a well-recognised global health problem, but there has been remarkably little research on men as perpetrators. The objectives of this paper are to describe the prevalence, patterns and factors associated with rape of an intimate partner and a woman who was not a partner with men aged 15-26 years in rural South Africa. The analysis presented here is of data collected during a baseline survey of participants in a cluster randomised controlled trial of an HIV behavioural intervention. A total of 1370 male volunteers were recruited from 70 rural South African villages. They completed a questionnaire asking about background, sexual practices and perpetration of rape and intimate partner violence. Among these men 16.3% had raped a non-partner, or participated in a form of gang rape; 8.4% had been sexually violent towards an intimate partner; and 79.1% had done neither. The mean age of first rape was 17 years. There was overlap between rape of a non-partner and partner, in that 44.3% of men who raped an intimate partner had also raped a non-partner, but overall the great majority of men who raped did not disclose both types of rape. The factors associated with rape of an intimate partner and non-partner had similarities and differences. After adjusting for the other variables, both forms of rape were strongly associated with ever having been physically violent to a partner, having had transactional sex with a casual partner and more sexual partners. Non-partner rape was also associated with peer-related variables, including gang membership and peer pressure to have sex, and also drug use. Non-partner rape was more common among wealthier and relatively more socially advantaged men. Both types of rape were associated with having more adverse childhood experiences. There was considerable overlap between rape-associated factors and known HIV risk factors, suggesting a need for further research on the interface of rape and HIV, and integrated prevention programming.
性暴力是一个公认的全球健康问题，但针对男性施暴者的研究却非常少。本文的目的是描述南非农村地区15至26岁男性强奸亲密伴侣及非伴侣女性的发生率、模式和相关因素。此处的分析基于一项艾滋病毒行为干预整群随机对照试验参与者的基线调查所收集的数据。从南非70个乡村招募了1370名男性志愿者。他们完成了一份问卷，内容涉及背景、性行为以及强奸和亲密伴侣暴力行为。在这些男性中，16.3%的人强奸过非伴侣女性或参与过某种形式的轮奸；8.4%的人对亲密伴侣实施过性暴力；79.1%的人既未实施过上述行为。首次强奸的平均年龄为17岁。强奸非伴侣女性和亲密伴侣的情况存在重叠，即44.3%强奸过亲密伴侣的男性也强奸过非伴侣女性，但总体而言，绝大多数强奸者并未透露两种类型的强奸行为。与强奸亲密伴侣和非伴侣相关的因素既有相似之处，也有不同之处。在对其他变量进行调整后，两种形式的强奸都与曾对伴侣实施身体暴力、与临时伴侣进行过交易性行为以及拥有更多性伴侣密切相关。强奸非伴侣女性还与同伴相关变量有关，包括帮派成员身份以及同伴的性压力，还有吸毒情况。强奸非伴侣女性在较富裕且社会地位相对较高的男性中更为常见。两种类型的强奸都与更多不良童年经历有关。强奸相关因素与已知的艾滋病毒风险因素之间存在相当大的重叠，这表明有必要进一步研究强奸与艾滋病毒之间的关联以及综合预防方案。
