Dalmiya Nita, Schultink Werner
UNICEF, New York, NY 10017, USA.
Food Nutr Bull. 2003 Dec;24(4 Suppl):S69-77. doi: 10.1177/15648265030244S203.
The importance of micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" was clearly emphasized by the inclusion of specific goals on iron, vitamin A, and iodine deficiency at the 1990 World Summit for Children and other major international nutrition conferences. Significant progress has since been made toward eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies, with less progress made toward reducing the burden of iron-deficiency anemia. The role of international agencies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, Food and Agricultural Organization, and World Bank in assisting countries to make progress toward the World Summit for Children goals has been very important. International agencies have played a critical role in advocating for and raising awareness of these issues at the international, regional, and national levels among policymakers and the general population. Using a rights-based approach, UNICEF and other agencies have been instrumental in elevating to the highest political level the discussion of every child's right to adequate nutrition. International agencies have also been very supportive at the national level in providing technical guidance for programs, including monitoring and evaluation. These agencies have played a critical role in engaging the cooperation of other partners, including bilateral donors, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector for micronutrient programs. Furthermore, international agencies provide financial and material support for micronutrient programs. In the future, such agencies must continue to be heavily involved in programs to achieve the newly confirmed goals for 2010. The present paper focuses on the role of international agencies in combating micronutrient deficiencies, drawing on the lessons learned over the last decade. The first section of the paper summarizes the progress achieved since 1990, and the second section describes the specific role of international agencies in contributing to that progress.
1990年世界儿童问题首脑会议以及其他主要国际营养会议纳入了关于缺铁、维生素A缺乏和碘缺乏的具体目标，从而明确强调了微量营养素缺乏或“隐性饥饿”的重要性。自那时以来，在消除维生素A和碘缺乏方面已取得重大进展，而在减轻缺铁性贫血负担方面进展较小。世界卫生组织、联合国儿童基金会、粮食及农业组织和世界银行等国际机构在协助各国朝着实现世界儿童问题首脑会议目标取得进展方面发挥了非常重要的作用。国际机构在国际、区域和国家各级向政策制定者和公众宣传并提高对这些问题的认识方面发挥了关键作用。联合国儿童基金会和其他机构采用基于权利的方法，在将每个儿童获得充足营养的权利的讨论提升到最高政治层面方面发挥了重要作用。国际机构在国家一级也非常支持为各项计划提供技术指导，包括监测和评估。这些机构在促使包括双边捐助者、非政府组织和私营部门在内的其他伙伴参与微量营养素计划的合作方面发挥了关键作用。此外，国际机构为微量营养素计划提供财政和物质支持。未来，这些机构必须继续大力参与各项计划，以实现新确定的2010年目标。本文借鉴过去十年吸取的经验教训，重点论述国际机构在防治微量营养素缺乏方面的作用。本文第一节总结了自1990年以来取得的进展，第二节阐述了国际机构在推动这一进展方面的具体作用。
