Aitio A
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Med Lav. 2006 Mar-Apr;97(2):324-31.
Biomonitoring was developed for the assessment of the health risks from exposure to chemicals at work, and the approaches and concepts of biomonitoring are derived from such exposures. At present, biomonitoring is increasingly used also to assess exposure from the environment. Biomonitoring and assessment of external exposure are complementing activities, where the exposure assessments are much more widely applied, especially when the number of chemicals concerned is considered; environmental analysis also offers the distinct advantage of speciation analysis--which is very poorly developed for biomonitoring. Biomonitoring on the other hand provides information on exposure from all sources, and via all absorption routes, and considers also accumulation of the chemical in the body. Bio monitoring using exposure biomarkers thus consider interindividual differences in the absorption, while use of effec biomarkers ideally also considers interindividual differences in sensitivity. Few effect biomarkers, however, have been validated. The major challenges of biomonitoring are the development of monitoring methods, which are inexpensive enough to be applied at a frequency that makes possible meaningful biomonitoring of chemicals with a short half-time; development of exposure biomarker guidance values specific to individual species of different metals; ex pansion of the repertoire of validated effect biomarkers; and validation and application to effect monitoring of the omic technologies. Another major challenge is a reconsideration of the basis of biomonitoring action limits to reflec the change in the work place: Biomonitoring should be adapted to assist in the generation of a healthy workplace which is capable of attracting workers, and assist them to perform their work effectively--rather than just to guarantee absence of serious health effects.
生物监测是为评估工作中接触化学物质所带来的健康风险而发展起来的，其方法和概念源于此类接触。目前，生物监测也越来越多地用于评估环境暴露。生物监测和外部暴露评估是相辅相成的活动，其中暴露评估应用更为广泛，尤其是考虑到相关化学物质的数量时；环境分析还具有形态分析的显著优势——而这在生物监测中发展得非常不完善。另一方面，生物监测提供了关于所有来源暴露、所有吸收途径的信息，还考虑了化学物质在体内的蓄积。因此，使用暴露生物标志物的生物监测考虑了个体在吸收方面的差异，而使用效应生物标志物理想情况下也考虑了个体在敏感性方面的差异。然而，经过验证的效应生物标志物很少。生物监测的主要挑战包括开发监测方法，这些方法要足够便宜，以便能够以一定频率应用，从而对半衰期短的化学物质进行有意义的生物监测；针对不同金属的个体物种制定特定的暴露生物标志物指导值；扩大经过验证的效应生物标志物的范围；以及对组学技术进行验证并应用于效应监测。另一个主要挑战是重新考虑生物监测行动限值的依据，以反映工作场所的变化：生物监测应进行调整，以协助营造一个能够吸引工人并帮助他们有效开展工作的健康工作场所，而不仅仅是保证没有严重的健康影响。
