Berendes Antje, Neimke Dieter, Schumacher Rüdiger, Barth Martin
Bundeskriminalamt, Forensic Science Institute, KT 23-Schussspuren, Thaerstrasse 11, D-65173 Wiesbaden, Germany.
J Forensic Sci. 2006 Sep;51(5):1085-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00225.x.
With heavy-metal-free ammunitions becoming more and more popular, it is necessary to find methods to visualize patterns of those elements in gunshot residues (GSRs) that are not accessible by chemographic coloring tests. The recently introduced millimeter-X-ray fluorescence analysis (m-XRF) spectrometer Spectro Midex M offers an easy way to record mappings of GSRs containing such elements in order to determine shooting distances as well as the general composition of these particles. A motorized stage enables samples of a maximum size of 20 x 20 cm to be investigated, like fabric, clothes, adhesive tapes (Filmolux films), and polyvinylalcohol gloves of shooter's hands. Human tissues can be measured using a Peltier-cooled specimen holder that is mounted onto the stage. As the spot size of the exiting X-rays lies in the millimeter range, which is adequate for the assessment of the residue patterns for shooting distance determination, a significant reduction in measurement time is achieved compared with mu-XRF methods. Test shots with heavy-metal-free ammunitions were performed on different target materials, like pork skin and fabric, and the elemental distributions of Ti, K, and Ga were determined. In order to show the capability of the spectrometer for conventional lead ammunitions as well, a shot series of 5-100 cm shooting distance and an adhesive tape of a shooter's hand were investigated analogously. A comparison of several methods applied in GSR investigation shows the advantages of the m-XRF method.
随着无重金属弹药越来越受欢迎，有必要找到方法来可视化化学成像染色测试无法检测到的枪伤残留物（GSR）中这些元素的分布模式。最近推出的毫米波X射线荧光分析（m-XRF）光谱仪Spectro Midex M提供了一种简便的方法来记录含有此类元素的GSR的图谱，以便确定射击距离以及这些颗粒的总体成分。电动载物台能够对最大尺寸为20×20厘米的样品进行检测，如织物、衣物、胶带（Filmolux薄膜）以及射手手部的聚乙烯醇手套。人体组织可以使用安装在载物台上的珀尔帖冷却样品架进行测量。由于出射X射线的光斑尺寸在毫米范围内，足以用于评估确定射击距离的残留物模式，与微XRF方法相比，测量时间显著缩短。使用无重金属弹药对不同目标材料（如猪皮和织物）进行了试射，并确定了钛、钾和镓的元素分布。为了展示该光谱仪对传统含铅弹药的检测能力，还对一系列射击距离为5至100厘米的试射以及射手手部的胶带进行了类似研究。对几种应用于GSR检测的方法进行比较，显示了m-XRF方法的优势。
