Posner Michael I, Rothbart Mary K
Psychology Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1291, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:1-23. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516.
As Titchener pointed out more than one hundred years ago, attention is at the center of the psychological enterprise. Attention research investigates how voluntary control and subjective experience arise from and regulate our behavior. In recent years, attention has been one of the fastest growing of all fields within cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This review examines attention as characterized by linking common neural networks with individual differences in their efficient utilization. The development of attentional networks is partly specified by genes, but is also open to specific experiences through the actions of caregivers and the culture. We believe that the connection between neural networks, genes, and socialization provides a common approach to all aspects of human cognition and emotion. Pursuit of this approach can provide a basis for psychology that unifies social, cultural, differential, experimental, and physiological areas, and allows normal development to serve as a baseline for understanding various forms of pathology. D.O. Hebb proposed this approach 50 years ago in his volume Organization of Behavior and continued with introductory textbooks that dealt with all of the topics of psychology in a common framework. Use of a common network approach to psychological science may allow a foundation for predicting and understanding human behavior in its varied forms.
正如铁钦纳在一百多年前所指出的，注意力是心理学事业的核心。注意力研究探讨了自愿控制和主观体验如何产生并调节我们的行为。近年来，注意力一直是认知心理学和认知神经科学中发展最快的领域之一。本综述通过将常见神经网络与其有效利用中的个体差异联系起来，考察了注意力的特征。注意力网络的发展部分由基因决定，但也会因照顾者的行为和文化而受到特定经历的影响。我们认为，神经网络、基因和社会化之间的联系为人类认知和情感的各个方面提供了一种通用方法。追求这种方法可以为心理学提供一个基础，将社会、文化、差异、实验和生理领域统一起来，并使正常发展作为理解各种病理形式的基线。D.O. 赫布50年前在他的《行为的组织》一书中提出了这种方法，并在入门教科书中继续采用这种方法，即在一个共同的框架内处理心理学的所有主题。将通用网络方法应用于心理科学可能为预测和理解各种形式的人类行为奠定基础。
